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library(DT)

Diabetes Readmission Project

Dataset Information: The dataset represents 10 years (1999-2008) of clinical care at 130 US hospitals and integrated delivery networks. It includes over 50 features representing patient and hospital outcomes. Information was extracted from the database for encounters that satisfied the following criteria.

The data contains such attributes as patient number, race, gender, age, admission type, time in hospital, medical specialty of admitting physician, number of lab test performed, HbA1c test result, diagnosis, number of medication, diabetic medications, number of outpatient, inpatient, and emergency visits in the year before the hospitalization, etc.

As the dataset has unusual characters (?) in place of NAs, I will change the string to NA upon loading the dataset.

dataset <- read.csv("./diabetic_data.csv",
                    na.string = "?",
                    header = T)
head(dataset)
##   encounter_id patient_nbr            race gender     age weight
## 1      2278392     8222157       Caucasian Female  [0-10)   <NA>
## 2       149190    55629189       Caucasian Female [10-20)   <NA>
## 3        64410    86047875 AfricanAmerican Female [20-30)   <NA>
## 4       500364    82442376       Caucasian   Male [30-40)   <NA>
## 5        16680    42519267       Caucasian   Male [40-50)   <NA>
## 6        35754    82637451       Caucasian   Male [50-60)   <NA>
##   admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id
## 1                 6                       25                   1
## 2                 1                        1                   7
## 3                 1                        1                   7
## 4                 1                        1                   7
## 5                 1                        1                   7
## 6                 2                        1                   2
##   time_in_hospital payer_code        medical_specialty num_lab_procedures
## 1                1       <NA> Pediatrics-Endocrinology                 41
## 2                3       <NA>                     <NA>                 59
## 3                2       <NA>                     <NA>                 11
## 4                2       <NA>                     <NA>                 44
## 5                1       <NA>                     <NA>                 51
## 6                3       <NA>                     <NA>                 31
##   num_procedures num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
## 1              0               1                 0                0
## 2              0              18                 0                0
## 3              5              13                 2                0
## 4              1              16                 0                0
## 5              0               8                 0                0
## 6              6              16                 0                0
##   number_inpatient diag_1 diag_2 diag_3 number_diagnoses max_glu_serum
## 1                0 250.83   <NA>   <NA>                1          None
## 2                0    276 250.01    255                9          None
## 3                1    648    250    V27                6          None
## 4                0      8 250.43    403                7          None
## 5                0    197    157    250                5          None
## 6                0    414    411    250                9          None
##   A1Cresult metformin repaglinide nateglinide chlorpropamide glimepiride
## 1      None        No          No          No             No          No
## 2      None        No          No          No             No          No
## 3      None        No          No          No             No          No
## 4      None        No          No          No             No          No
## 5      None        No          No          No             No          No
## 6      None        No          No          No             No          No
##   acetohexamide glipizide glyburide tolbutamide pioglitazone rosiglitazone
## 1            No        No        No          No           No            No
## 2            No        No        No          No           No            No
## 3            No    Steady        No          No           No            No
## 4            No        No        No          No           No            No
## 5            No    Steady        No          No           No            No
## 6            No        No        No          No           No            No
##   acarbose miglitol troglitazone tolazamide examide citoglipton insulin
## 1       No       No           No         No      No          No      No
## 2       No       No           No         No      No          No      Up
## 3       No       No           No         No      No          No      No
## 4       No       No           No         No      No          No      Up
## 5       No       No           No         No      No          No  Steady
## 6       No       No           No         No      No          No  Steady
##   glyburide.metformin glipizide.metformin glimepiride.pioglitazone
## 1                  No                  No                       No
## 2                  No                  No                       No
## 3                  No                  No                       No
## 4                  No                  No                       No
## 5                  No                  No                       No
## 6                  No                  No                       No
##   metformin.rosiglitazone metformin.pioglitazone change diabetesMed readmitted
## 1                      No                     No     No          No         NO
## 2                      No                     No     Ch         Yes        >30
## 3                      No                     No     No         Yes         NO
## 4                      No                     No     Ch         Yes         NO
## 5                      No                     No     Ch         Yes         NO
## 6                      No                     No     No         Yes        >30

ID Mapping

Categorical/factor variables:

  • admission_type_id
      1. Emergency
      1. Urgent
      1. Elective
      1. Newborn
      1. Not available –> NA
      1. NULL –> NA
      1. Trauma Center
      1. Not Mapped –> NA
  • discharge_disposition_id
      1. Discharged to home
      1. Discharged/transferred to another short term hospital
      1. Discharged/transferred to SNF
      1. Discharged/transferred to ICF
      1. Discharged/transferred to another type of inpatient care institution
      1. Discharged/transferred to home with home health service
      1. Left AMA
      1. Discharged/transferred to home under care of Home IV provider
      1. Admitted as an inpatient to this hospital
      1. Neonate discharged to another hospital for neonatal aftercare
      1. Expired
      1. Still patient or expected to return for outpatient services
      1. Hospice/Home
      1. Hospice/Medical facility
      1. Discharged/transferred within this institution to Medicare approved swing bed
      1. Discharged/transferred/referred another institution for outpatient services
      1. Discharged/transferred/referred to this institution for outpatient services
      1. NULL
      1. Expired at home. Medicaid only, hospice
      1. Expired in a medical facility. Medicaid only, hospice.
      1. Expired, place unknown. Medicaid only, hospice.
      1. Discharged/transferred to another rehab fac including rehab units of a hospital .
      1. Discharged/transferred to a long term care hospital.
      1. Discharged/transferred to a nursing facility certified under Medicaid but not certified under Medicare.
      1. Not Mapped
      1. Unknown/Invalid
      1. Discharged/transferred to a federal health care facility.
      1. Discharged/transferred/referred to a psychiatric hospital of psychiatric distinct part unit of a hospital
      1. Discharged/transferred to a Critical Access Hospital (CAH).
      1. Discharged/transferred to another Type of Health Care Institution not Defined Elsewhere
  • admission_source_id
      1. Physician Referral
      1. Clinic Referral
      1. HMO Referral
      1. Transfer from a hospital
      1. Transfer from a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF)
      1. Transfer from another health care facility
      1. Emergency Room
      1. Court/Law Enforcement
      1. Not Available
      1. Transfer from critial access hospital
      1. Normal Delivery
      1. Premature Delivery
      1. Sick Baby
      1. Extramural Birth
      1. Not Available
      1. NULL
      1. Transfer From Another Home Health Agency
      1. Readmission to Same Home Health Agency
      1. Not Mapped
      1. Unknown/Invalid
      1. Transfer from hospital inpt/same fac reslt in a sep claim
      1. Born inside this hospital
      1. Born outside this hospital
      1. Transfer from Ambulatory Surgery Center
      1. Transfer from Hospice

Other column notes:

  • Columns to remove:
    • $encounter_id
    • $patient_nbr
    • $payer_code
    • $medical_specialty (maybe?)

Initial Read

ncol(dataset)
## [1] 50
nrow(dataset)
## [1] 101766
str(dataset)
## 'data.frame':    101766 obs. of  50 variables:
##  $ encounter_id            : int  2278392 149190 64410 500364 16680 35754 55842 63768 12522 15738 ...
##  $ patient_nbr             : int  8222157 55629189 86047875 82442376 42519267 82637451 84259809 114882984 48330783 63555939 ...
##  $ race                    : chr  "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
##  $ gender                  : chr  "Female" "Female" "Female" "Male" ...
##  $ age                     : chr  "[0-10)" "[10-20)" "[20-30)" "[30-40)" ...
##  $ weight                  : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : int  6 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: int  25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : int  1 7 7 7 7 2 2 7 4 4 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  1 3 2 2 1 3 4 5 13 12 ...
##  $ payer_code              : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ medical_specialty       : chr  "Pediatrics-Endocrinology" NA NA NA ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  41 59 11 44 51 31 70 73 68 33 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  0 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 2 3 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  1 18 13 16 8 16 21 12 28 18 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_1                  : chr  "250.83" "276" "648" "8" ...
##  $ diag_2                  : chr  NA "250.01" "250" "250.43" ...
##  $ diag_3                  : chr  NA "255" "V27" "403" ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  1 9 6 7 5 9 7 8 8 8 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
##  $ metformin               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ repaglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ nateglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ chlorpropamide          : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acetohexamide           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide               : chr  "No" "No" "Steady" "No" ...
##  $ glyburide               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolbutamide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ pioglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ rosiglitazone           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acarbose                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ miglitol                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ troglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolazamide              : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ examide                 : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ citoglipton             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ insulin                 : chr  "No" "Up" "No" "Up" ...
##  $ glyburide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.pioglitazone  : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ change                  : chr  "No" "Ch" "No" "Ch" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "NO" ">30" "NO" "NO" ...

Because encounter_id and patient_nbr do not provide new information, I will remove these two columns.

#Because encounter_id and patient_nbr do not provide new information, I will remove these two columns.
dataset1 <- select(dataset,
                   -encounter_id)
dataset1 <- select(dataset1,
                   -patient_nbr)

str(dataset1)
## 'data.frame':    101766 obs. of  48 variables:
##  $ race                    : chr  "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
##  $ gender                  : chr  "Female" "Female" "Female" "Male" ...
##  $ age                     : chr  "[0-10)" "[10-20)" "[20-30)" "[30-40)" ...
##  $ weight                  : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : int  6 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: int  25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : int  1 7 7 7 7 2 2 7 4 4 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  1 3 2 2 1 3 4 5 13 12 ...
##  $ payer_code              : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ medical_specialty       : chr  "Pediatrics-Endocrinology" NA NA NA ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  41 59 11 44 51 31 70 73 68 33 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  0 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 2 3 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  1 18 13 16 8 16 21 12 28 18 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_1                  : chr  "250.83" "276" "648" "8" ...
##  $ diag_2                  : chr  NA "250.01" "250" "250.43" ...
##  $ diag_3                  : chr  NA "255" "V27" "403" ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  1 9 6 7 5 9 7 8 8 8 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
##  $ metformin               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ repaglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ nateglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ chlorpropamide          : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acetohexamide           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide               : chr  "No" "No" "Steady" "No" ...
##  $ glyburide               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolbutamide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ pioglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ rosiglitazone           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acarbose                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ miglitol                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ troglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolazamide              : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ examide                 : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ citoglipton             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ insulin                 : chr  "No" "Up" "No" "Up" ...
##  $ glyburide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.pioglitazone  : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ change                  : chr  "No" "Ch" "No" "Ch" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "NO" ">30" "NO" "NO" ...

Filtering Dataset

Using max_glu_serum and A1Cresult, I will try to filter the dataset to reduce the number of rows based on the variables with relevant information.

table(dataset1$max_glu_serum)
## 
##  >200  >300  None  Norm 
##  1485  1264 96420  2597
table(dataset1$A1Cresult)
## 
##    >7    >8  None  Norm 
##  3812  8216 84748  4990
dataset1 <- dataset1[!dataset1$max_glu_serum == "None", ]
dataset1 <- dataset1[!dataset1$A1Cresult == "None", ]

nrow(dataset1)
## [1] 298
table(dataset1$max_glu_serum)
## 
## >200 >300 Norm 
##   71  129   98
table(dataset1$A1Cresult)
## 
##   >7   >8 Norm 
##   63  177   58

NA Variables

Unknown/Missing Count

sum(dataset1 == "Unknown/Invalid")
## [1] NA
sum(dataset1$gender == "Unknown/Invalid")
## [1] 0
dataset2 <- dataset1
# Other Unknown/Missing Variables:
# $gender == 3

#Turn strange (Unknown/Invalid) values into NA
dataset2$gender[dataset1$gender == "Unknown/Invalid"] = NA
  
sum(is.na(dataset2))
## [1] 702
sapply(dataset2,
       function(x) sum(is.na(x)))
##                     race                   gender                      age 
##                        6                        0                        0 
##                   weight        admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id 
##                      298                        0                        0 
##      admission_source_id         time_in_hospital               payer_code 
##                        0                        0                      240 
##        medical_specialty       num_lab_procedures           num_procedures 
##                      154                        0                        0 
##          num_medications        number_outpatient         number_emergency 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##         number_inpatient                   diag_1                   diag_2 
##                        0                        0                        1 
##                   diag_3         number_diagnoses            max_glu_serum 
##                        3                        0                        0 
##                A1Cresult                metformin              repaglinide 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##              nateglinide           chlorpropamide              glimepiride 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##            acetohexamide                glipizide                glyburide 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##              tolbutamide             pioglitazone            rosiglitazone 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##                 acarbose                 miglitol             troglitazone 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##               tolazamide                  examide              citoglipton 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##                  insulin      glyburide.metformin      glipizide.metformin 
##                        0                        0                        0 
## glimepiride.pioglitazone  metformin.rosiglitazone   metformin.pioglitazone 
##                        0                        0                        0 
##                   change              diabetesMed               readmitted 
##                        0                        0                        0
missmap(dataset2)

#NA Count:
# race: 2273
# gender: 3
# weight: 98569
# payer_code: 40256
# medical_specialty: 49949
# diag_1: 21
# diag_2: 358
# diag_3: 1423
str(dataset2)
## 'data.frame':    298 obs. of  48 variables:
##  $ race                    : chr  "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
##  $ gender                  : chr  "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
##  $ age                     : chr  "[80-90)" "[40-50)" "[70-80)" "[50-60)" ...
##  $ weight                  : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : int  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: int  3 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : int  7 7 7 7 7 2 7 7 7 7 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
##  $ payer_code              : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ medical_specialty       : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_1                  : chr  "332" "250.02" "250.02" "276" ...
##  $ diag_2                  : chr  "294" "401" "276" "780" ...
##  $ diag_3                  : chr  "425" NA "294" "250.03" ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
##  $ metformin               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ repaglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ nateglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ chlorpropamide          : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acetohexamide           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide               : chr  "No" "No" "Up" "No" ...
##  $ glyburide               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolbutamide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ pioglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ rosiglitazone           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acarbose                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ miglitol                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ troglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolazamide              : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ examide                 : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ citoglipton             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ insulin                 : chr  "No" "No" "Up" "Steady" ...
##  $ glyburide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.pioglitazone  : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ change                  : chr  "No" "No" "Ch" "No" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "<30" ">30" ">30" "NO" ...
summary(dataset2)
##      race              gender              age               weight         
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id
##  Min.   :1.000     Min.   : 1.000           Min.   :1.000      
##  1st Qu.:6.000     1st Qu.: 1.000           1st Qu.:7.000      
##  Median :6.000     Median : 1.000           Median :7.000      
##  Mean   :5.054     Mean   : 2.174           Mean   :6.503      
##  3rd Qu.:6.000     3rd Qu.: 3.000           3rd Qu.:7.000      
##  Max.   :6.000     Max.   :13.000           Max.   :7.000      
##  time_in_hospital  payer_code        medical_specialty  num_lab_procedures
##  Min.   : 1.000   Length:298         Length:298         Min.   : 31.00    
##  1st Qu.: 3.000   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 54.00    
##  Median : 5.000   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 63.50    
##  Mean   : 5.416                                         Mean   : 64.27    
##  3rd Qu.: 7.000                                         3rd Qu.: 74.00    
##  Max.   :14.000                                         Max.   :106.00    
##  num_procedures   num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 1.00   Min.   :0.0000    Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.: 9.00   1st Qu.:0.0000    1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :13.50   Median :0.0000    Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.8423   Mean   :14.51   Mean   :0.1544    Mean   :0.1678  
##  3rd Qu.:1.7500   3rd Qu.:19.00   3rd Qu.:0.0000    3rd Qu.:0.0000  
##  Max.   :6.0000   Max.   :35.00   Max.   :6.0000    Max.   :9.0000  
##  number_inpatient    diag_1             diag_2             diag_3         
##  Min.   :0.0000   Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Median :0.0000   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :0.6577                                                           
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000                                                           
##  Max.   :9.0000                                                           
##  number_diagnoses max_glu_serum       A1Cresult          metformin        
##  Min.   :1.000    Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  1st Qu.:5.000    Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Median :6.000    Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :5.913                                                            
##  3rd Qu.:6.000                                                            
##  Max.   :9.000                                                            
##  repaglinide        nateglinide        chlorpropamide     glimepiride       
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  acetohexamide       glipizide          glyburide         tolbutamide       
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  pioglitazone       rosiglitazone        acarbose           miglitol        
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  troglitazone        tolazamide          examide          citoglipton       
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##    insulin          glyburide.metformin glipizide.metformin
##  Length:298         Length:298          Length:298         
##  Class :character   Class :character    Class :character   
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character    Mode  :character   
##                                                            
##                                                            
##                                                            
##  glimepiride.pioglitazone metformin.rosiglitazone metformin.pioglitazone
##  Length:298               Length:298              Length:298            
##  Class :character         Class :character        Class :character      
##  Mode  :character         Mode  :character        Mode  :character      
##                                                                         
##                                                                         
##                                                                         
##     change          diabetesMed         readmitted       
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                          
##                                                          
## 

Cleaning

Due to the large number of NA’s in the weight column, I will check to see what percentage of rows are missing in this column.

#Difference in number of rows and NA variables in dataset2$weight
nrow(dataset2) - sum(is.na(dataset2$weight))
## [1] 0
#Percentage of missing variables in dataset2$weight
sum(is.na(dataset2$weight)) / nrow(dataset2)
## [1] 1
#Because weight is missing 96.86% of the rows, I will remove this column.
dataset2 <- select(dataset2,
                   -weight)

#payer_code does not provide much useful information, so I will remove this column.
dataset2 <- select(dataset2,
                   -payer_code)

dataset2 <- select(dataset2,
                   -medical_specialty)

str(dataset2)
## 'data.frame':    298 obs. of  45 variables:
##  $ race                    : chr  "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
##  $ gender                  : chr  "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
##  $ age                     : chr  "[80-90)" "[40-50)" "[70-80)" "[50-60)" ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : int  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: int  3 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : int  7 7 7 7 7 2 7 7 7 7 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_1                  : chr  "332" "250.02" "250.02" "276" ...
##  $ diag_2                  : chr  "294" "401" "276" "780" ...
##  $ diag_3                  : chr  "425" NA "294" "250.03" ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
##  $ metformin               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ repaglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ nateglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ chlorpropamide          : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acetohexamide           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide               : chr  "No" "No" "Up" "No" ...
##  $ glyburide               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolbutamide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ pioglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ rosiglitazone           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acarbose                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ miglitol                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ troglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolazamide              : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ examide                 : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ citoglipton             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ insulin                 : chr  "No" "No" "Up" "Steady" ...
##  $ glyburide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.pioglitazone  : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ change                  : chr  "No" "No" "Ch" "No" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "<30" ">30" ">30" "NO" ...
myData_d <- dataset2

myData_d$diag_circ <- 0
myData_d$diag_resp <- 0
myData_d$diag_dig <- 0
myData_d$diag_diab <- 0
myData_d$diag_inj <- 0
myData_d$diag_musc <-0
myData_d$diag_geni <- 0
myData_d$diag_neop <-0
myData_d$diag_other <- 0

myData_d$diag_circ[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "390" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "459" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "785")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "390" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "459" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "785")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "390" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "459" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "785")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Diabetes mellitus codes: 250.xx
myData_d$diag_diab[(as.character(myData_d$diag_1) > "249" & as.character(myData_d$diag_1) < "251")
                   | (as.character(myData_d$diag_2) > "249" & as.character(myData_d$diag_2) < "251")
                   | (as.character(myData_d$diag_3) > "249" & as.character(myData_d$diag_3) < "251")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Respiratory codes: 460-519, 786
myData_d$diag_resp[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "460" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "519" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "786")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "460" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "519" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "786")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "460" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "519" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "786")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Digestive codes: 520-579, 787
myData_d$diag_dig[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "520" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "579" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "787")
                  | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "520" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "579" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "787")
                  | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "520" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "579" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "787")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Injury codes: 800-999
myData_d$diag_inj[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "800" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "999")
                  | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "800" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "999")
                  | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "800" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "999")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Musculoskeletal codes: 710-739
myData_d$diag_musc[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "710" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "739")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "710" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "739")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "710" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "739")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Genitourinary codes: 580-629, 788
myData_d$diag_geni[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "580" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "629" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "788")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "580" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "629" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "788")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "580" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "629" |  as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "788")] <- 1

#creating diagnosis varible for Neoplasms codes: 140-239
myData_d$diag_neop[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "140" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "239")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "140" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "239")
                   | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "140" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "239")] <- 1


myData_d$diag_other[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "780") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "781")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "784") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "790" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "799")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "240" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "249") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "251" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "279")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "680" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "709") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "782") 
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "001" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "139") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "290" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "319")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "280" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "289") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "320" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "359")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "630" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "679") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "360" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "389")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "740" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "759")
                    | (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_1), 'E'))
                    | (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_1), 'V'))
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "780") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "781")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "784") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "790" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "799")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "240" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "249") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "251" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "279")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "680" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "709") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "782") 
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "001" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "139") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "290" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "319")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "280" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "289") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "320" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "359")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "630" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "679") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "360" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "389")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "740" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "759")
                    | (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_2), 'E')) 
                    | (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_2), 'V'))
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "780") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "781")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "784") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "790" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "799")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "240" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "249") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "251" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "279")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "680" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "709") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "782")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "001" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "139") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "290" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "319")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "280" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "289") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "320" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "359")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "630" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "679") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "360" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "389")
                    | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "740" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "759")
                    | (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_3), 'E')) 
                    | (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_3), 'V'))] <- 1
dataset2 <- myData_d

Categorical Variables

# Max glucose level
# A1C
# Discharge Disposition ID
# Admission Type ID
# Admission Source ID

class(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)
## [1] "integer"
class(dataset2$admission_type_id)
## [1] "integer"
class(dataset2$admission_source_id)
## [1] "integer"
dataset2$discharge_disposition_id <- as.factor(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)
dataset2$admission_type_id <- as.factor(dataset2$admission_type_id)
dataset2$admission_source_id <- as.factor(dataset2$admission_source_id)

str(dataset2)
## 'data.frame':    298 obs. of  54 variables:
##  $ race                    : chr  "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
##  $ gender                  : chr  "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
##  $ age                     : chr  "[80-90)" "[40-50)" "[70-80)" "[50-60)" ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : Factor w/ 4 levels "1","2","3","6": 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: Factor w/ 9 levels "1","2","3","5",..: 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : Factor w/ 3 levels "1","2","7": 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_1                  : chr  "332" "250.02" "250.02" "276" ...
##  $ diag_2                  : chr  "294" "401" "276" "780" ...
##  $ diag_3                  : chr  "425" NA "294" "250.03" ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
##  $ metformin               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ repaglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ nateglinide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ chlorpropamide          : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acetohexamide           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide               : chr  "No" "No" "Up" "No" ...
##  $ glyburide               : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolbutamide             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ pioglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ rosiglitazone           : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ acarbose                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ miglitol                : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ troglitazone            : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ tolazamide              : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ examide                 : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ citoglipton             : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ insulin                 : chr  "No" "No" "Up" "Steady" ...
##  $ glyburide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glipizide.metformin     : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ metformin.pioglitazone  : chr  "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
##  $ change                  : chr  "No" "No" "Ch" "No" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "<30" ">30" ">30" "NO" ...
##  $ diag_circ               : num  1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_resp               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_dig                : num  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_diab               : num  0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_inj                : num  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_musc               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_geni               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_neop               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_other              : num  1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

Binary Classification

table(dataset2$readmitted)
## 
## <30 >30  NO 
##  36 139 123
#According to CMS rules, readmission >30 days is considered 'not readmitted', however I will simply classify whether or not the patient was readmitted into the hospital into "YES" and "NO" regardless of number of readmissions. This way, the data will provide more balanced columns for responses.
dataset2$readmitted[dataset2$readmitted == "<30" | dataset2$readmitted == ">30"]= "YES"

table(dataset2$readmitted)
## 
##  NO YES 
## 123 175
colnames(dataset2)
##  [1] "race"                     "gender"                  
##  [3] "age"                      "admission_type_id"       
##  [5] "discharge_disposition_id" "admission_source_id"     
##  [7] "time_in_hospital"         "num_lab_procedures"      
##  [9] "num_procedures"           "num_medications"         
## [11] "number_outpatient"        "number_emergency"        
## [13] "number_inpatient"         "diag_1"                  
## [15] "diag_2"                   "diag_3"                  
## [17] "number_diagnoses"         "max_glu_serum"           
## [19] "A1Cresult"                "metformin"               
## [21] "repaglinide"              "nateglinide"             
## [23] "chlorpropamide"           "glimepiride"             
## [25] "acetohexamide"            "glipizide"               
## [27] "glyburide"                "tolbutamide"             
## [29] "pioglitazone"             "rosiglitazone"           
## [31] "acarbose"                 "miglitol"                
## [33] "troglitazone"             "tolazamide"              
## [35] "examide"                  "citoglipton"             
## [37] "insulin"                  "glyburide.metformin"     
## [39] "glipizide.metformin"      "glimepiride.pioglitazone"
## [41] "metformin.rosiglitazone"  "metformin.pioglitazone"  
## [43] "change"                   "diabetesMed"             
## [45] "readmitted"               "diag_circ"               
## [47] "diag_resp"                "diag_dig"                
## [49] "diag_diab"                "diag_inj"                
## [51] "diag_musc"                "diag_geni"               
## [53] "diag_neop"                "diag_other"

Prescriptions

table(dataset2$metformin)
## 
##   Down     No Steady     Up 
##      2    253     37      6
table(dataset2$repaglinide)
## 
##     No Steady     Up 
##    287     10      1
table(dataset2$nateglinide)
## 
##     No Steady 
##    297      1
table(dataset2$chlorpropamide)
## 
##     No Steady 
##    297      1
table(dataset2$glimepiride)
## 
##     No Steady     Up 
##    291      6      1
table(dataset2$acetohexamide)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$glipizide)
## 
##   Down     No Steady     Up 
##      2    250     40      6
table(dataset2$glyburide)
## 
##     No Steady     Up 
##    283     14      1
table(dataset2$tolbutamide)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$pioglitazone)
## 
##   Down     No Steady 
##      1    284     13
table(dataset2$rosiglitazone)
## 
##     No Steady     Up 
##    288      8      2
table(dataset2$acarbose)
## 
##     No Steady     Up 
##    296      1      1
table(dataset2$miglitol)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$troglitazone)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$tolazamide)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$examide)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$citoglipton)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$insulin)
## 
##   Down     No Steady     Up 
##     22    207     54     15
table(dataset2$glyburide.metformin)
## 
##     No Steady 
##    297      1
table(dataset2$glipizide.metformin)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$glimepiride.pioglitazone)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$metformin.rosiglitazone)
## 
##  No 
## 298
table(dataset2$metformin.pioglitazone)
## 
##  No 
## 298

As the following variables present as near-zero variance variables, they are thereby removed from the dataset.

dataset2 <- select(dataset2, -c("metformin", "repaglinide", "nateglinide", "chlorpropamide", "glimepiride", "acetohexamide", "glipizide", "glyburide", "tolbutamide", "pioglitazone", "rosiglitazone", "acarbose", "miglitol", "troglitazone", "tolazamide", "examide", "citoglipton", "insulin", "glyburide.metformin", "glipizide.metformin", "glimepiride.pioglitazone", "metformin.rosiglitazone", "metformin.pioglitazone", "change"))

head(dataset2)
##                race gender     age admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id
## 163       Caucasian   Male [80-90)                 6                        3
## 193       Caucasian Female [40-50)                 6                        1
## 461 AfricanAmerican Female [70-80)                 6                        1
## 594       Caucasian Female [50-60)                 6                        1
## 697           Other   Male [70-80)                 6                        6
## 772       Caucasian Female [30-40)                 6                        1
##     admission_source_id time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163                   7                5                 47              1
## 193                   7                2                 53              0
## 461                   7               10                 72              1
## 594                   7                2                 61              0
## 697                   7               11                 71              1
## 772                   2               14                 43              0
##     num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient diag_1
## 163               6                 0                0                0    332
## 193               4                 0                0                0 250.02
## 461              19                 0                0                0 250.02
## 594               5                 0                0                0    276
## 697              20                 0                0                0    820
## 772              11                 0                0                0    296
##     diag_2 diag_3 number_diagnoses max_glu_serum A1Cresult diabetesMed
## 163    294    425                5          >200      Norm          No
## 193    401   <NA>                2          >300        >8          No
## 461    276    294                5          >300        >8         Yes
## 594    780 250.03                5          >300        >8         Yes
## 697 250.02   E885                5          >200        >7         Yes
## 772    250    564                3          Norm        >7          No
##     readmitted diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163        YES         1         0        0         0        0         0
## 193        YES         1         0        0         1        0         0
## 461        YES         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 594         NO         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 697         NO         0         0        0         1        1         0
## 772        YES         0         0        1         1        0         0
##     diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## 163         0         0          1
## 193         0         0          0
## 461         0         0          1
## 594         0         0          1
## 697         0         0          1
## 772         0         0          1

Patient Personal Information

dataset2$race <- as.factor(dataset2$race)
dataset2$gender <- as.factor(dataset2$gender)

class(dataset2$race)
## [1] "factor"
class(dataset2$gender)
## [1] "factor"
table(dataset2$race)
## 
## AfricanAmerican           Asian       Caucasian        Hispanic           Other 
##              51               7             182              39              13
table(dataset2$gender)
## 
## Female   Male 
##    173    125

The age levels listed are in groups of 10 years. To keep the data balanced, these levels can be consolidated into 2 levels: ages 0-60 as YoungerThan60 and 60-100 as OlderThan60.

table(dataset2$age)
## 
## [10-20) [20-30) [30-40) [40-50) [50-60) [60-70) [70-80) [80-90) 
##       4       6      17      40      66      62      61      42
#YoungerThan60 Level
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[10-20)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[20-30)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[30-40)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[40-50)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[50-60)"] = "YoungerThan60"

#OlderThan60Level
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[60-70)"] = "OlderThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[70-80)"] = "OlderThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[80-90)"] = "OlderThan60"

table(dataset2$age)
## 
##   OlderThan60 YoungerThan60 
##           165           133
dataset2$age <- as.factor(dataset2$age)

Discharge Disposition

To reduce the number of factors, we can change the “discharge_disposition_id” variable to a categorical variable with 2 factors - Discharged to Home & Other. The discharge disposition IDs that correspond to a home discharge are 1, 6, and 8, while the others correspond to a patient being discharged elsewhere.

discharge.fact <- unique(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)

discharge.lab <- ifelse(discharge.fact %in% c(1, 6, 8),
                        "Discharged to Home", "Other")

dataset2$discharge_disposition_id <- factor(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id,
                                            levels = discharge.fact,
                                            labels = discharge.lab)

str(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)
##  Factor w/ 2 levels "Other","Discharged to Home": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...

Exploratory Data Analysis

Descriptive Statistics

dataset3 <- select(dataset2, -c("diag_1", "diag_2", "diag_3"))
stat.desc(dataset3)
##          race gender age admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id
## nbr.val    NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## nbr.null   NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## nbr.na     NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## min        NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## max        NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## range      NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## sum        NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## median     NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## mean       NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## SE.mean    NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## CI.mean    NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## var        NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## std.dev    NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
## coef.var   NA     NA  NA                NA                       NA
##          admission_source_id time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## nbr.val                   NA      298.0000000       2.980000e+02   298.00000000
## nbr.null                  NA        0.0000000       0.000000e+00   180.00000000
## nbr.na                    NA        0.0000000       0.000000e+00     0.00000000
## min                       NA        1.0000000       3.100000e+01     0.00000000
## max                       NA       14.0000000       1.060000e+02     6.00000000
## range                     NA       13.0000000       7.500000e+01     6.00000000
## sum                       NA     1614.0000000       1.915200e+04   251.00000000
## median                    NA        5.0000000       6.350000e+01     0.00000000
## mean                      NA        5.4161074       6.426846e+01     0.84228188
## SE.mean                   NA        0.1775608       8.344039e-01     0.07127228
## CI.mean                   NA        0.3494367       1.642093e+00     0.14026267
## var                       NA        9.3952952       2.074765e+02     1.51376178
## std.dev                   NA        3.0651746       1.440404e+01     1.23035027
## coef.var                  NA        0.5659368       2.241231e-01     1.46073458
##          num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## nbr.val      298.0000000      298.00000000     298.00000000     298.00000000
## nbr.null       0.0000000      275.00000000     281.00000000     204.00000000
## nbr.na         0.0000000        0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000
## min            1.0000000        0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000
## max           35.0000000        6.00000000       9.00000000       9.00000000
## range         34.0000000        6.00000000       9.00000000       9.00000000
## sum         4324.0000000       46.00000000      50.00000000     196.00000000
## median        13.5000000        0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000
## mean          14.5100671        0.15436242       0.16778523       0.65771812
## SE.mean        0.4265136        0.03845762       0.05289302       0.07464067
## CI.mean        0.8393718        0.07568395       0.10409260       0.14689161
## var           54.2103360        0.44073848       0.83370619       1.66022643
## std.dev        7.3627669        0.66388138       0.91307513       1.28849774
## coef.var       0.5074247        4.30079674       5.44192776       1.95904248
##          number_diagnoses max_glu_serum A1Cresult diabetesMed readmitted
## nbr.val      2.980000e+02            NA        NA          NA         NA
## nbr.null     0.000000e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## nbr.na       0.000000e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## min          1.000000e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## max          9.000000e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## range        8.000000e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## sum          1.762000e+03            NA        NA          NA         NA
## median       6.000000e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## mean         5.912752e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## SE.mean      9.042789e-02            NA        NA          NA         NA
## CI.mean      1.779606e-01            NA        NA          NA         NA
## var          2.436807e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## std.dev      1.561027e+00            NA        NA          NA         NA
## coef.var     2.640103e-01            NA        NA          NA         NA
##             diag_circ    diag_resp     diag_dig    diag_diab     diag_inj
## nbr.val  298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000
## nbr.null 140.00000000 206.00000000 260.00000000 109.00000000 277.00000000
## nbr.na     0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000
## min        0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000
## max        1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000
## range      1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000
## sum      158.00000000  92.00000000  38.00000000 189.00000000  21.00000000
## median     1.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   1.00000000   0.00000000
## mean       0.53020134   0.30872483   0.12751678   0.63422819   0.07046980
## SE.mean    0.02895997   0.02680606   0.01935459   0.02794793   0.01485098
## CI.mean    0.05699274   0.05275389   0.03808951   0.05500107   0.02922648
## var        0.24992656   0.21413238   0.11163085   0.23276388   0.06572436
## std.dev    0.49992655   0.46274440   0.33411203   0.48245609   0.25636762
## coef.var   0.94289945   1.49888945   2.62014172   0.76069796   3.63797864
##             diag_musc    diag_geni    diag_neop   diag_other
## nbr.val  298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000
## nbr.null 285.00000000 256.00000000 286.00000000 137.00000000
## nbr.na     0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000
## min        0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000
## max        1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000
## range      1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000   1.00000000
## sum       13.00000000  42.00000000  12.00000000 161.00000000
## median     0.00000000   0.00000000   0.00000000   1.00000000
## mean       0.04362416   0.14093960   0.04026846   0.54026846
## SE.mean    0.01185222   0.02019064   0.01140720   0.02891870
## CI.mean    0.02332497   0.03973485   0.02244919   0.05691152
## var        0.04186157   0.12148329   0.03877703   0.24921474
## std.dev    0.20460100   0.34854453   0.19691885   0.49921412
## coef.var   4.69008443   2.47300643   4.89015135   0.92401124
summary(dataset3)
##               race        gender               age      admission_type_id
##  AfricanAmerican: 51   Female:173   OlderThan60  :165   1: 52            
##  Asian          :  7   Male  :125   YoungerThan60:133   2:  4            
##  Caucasian      :182                                    3:  2            
##  Hispanic       : 39                                    6:240            
##  Other          : 13                                                     
##  NA's           :  6                                                     
##        discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id time_in_hospital
##  Other             : 74         1: 23               Min.   : 1.000  
##  Discharged to Home:224         2:  2               1st Qu.: 3.000  
##                                 7:273               Median : 5.000  
##                                                     Mean   : 5.416  
##                                                     3rd Qu.: 7.000  
##                                                     Max.   :14.000  
##  num_lab_procedures num_procedures   num_medications number_outpatient
##  Min.   : 31.00     Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 1.00   Min.   :0.0000   
##  1st Qu.: 54.00     1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.: 9.00   1st Qu.:0.0000   
##  Median : 63.50     Median :0.0000   Median :13.50   Median :0.0000   
##  Mean   : 64.27     Mean   :0.8423   Mean   :14.51   Mean   :0.1544   
##  3rd Qu.: 74.00     3rd Qu.:1.7500   3rd Qu.:19.00   3rd Qu.:0.0000   
##  Max.   :106.00     Max.   :6.0000   Max.   :35.00   Max.   :6.0000   
##  number_emergency number_inpatient number_diagnoses max_glu_serum     
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :1.000    Length:298        
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:5.000    Class :character  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :6.000    Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :0.1678   Mean   :0.6577   Mean   :5.913                      
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:6.000                      
##  Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :9.000                      
##   A1Cresult         diabetesMed         readmitted          diag_circ     
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Min.   :0.0000  
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :1.0000  
##                                                           Mean   :0.5302  
##                                                           3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##                                                           Max.   :1.0000  
##    diag_resp         diag_dig        diag_diab         diag_inj      
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.00000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.00000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :1.0000   Median :0.00000  
##  Mean   :0.3087   Mean   :0.1275   Mean   :0.6342   Mean   :0.07047  
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.00000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.00000  
##    diag_musc         diag_geni        diag_neop         diag_other    
##  Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.00000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.00000   Median :1.0000  
##  Mean   :0.04362   Mean   :0.1409   Mean   :0.04027   Mean   :0.5403  
##  3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.0000
str(dataset3)
## 'data.frame':    298 obs. of  27 variables:
##  $ race                    : Factor w/ 5 levels "AfricanAmerican",..: 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 ...
##  $ gender                  : Factor w/ 2 levels "Female","Male": 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 ...
##  $ age                     : Factor w/ 2 levels "OlderThan60",..: 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : Factor w/ 4 levels "1","2","3","6": 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: Factor w/ 2 levels "Other","Discharged to Home": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : Factor w/ 3 levels "1","2","7": 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "YES" "YES" "YES" "NO" ...
##  $ diag_circ               : num  1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_resp               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_dig                : num  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_diab               : num  0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_inj                : num  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_musc               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_geni               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_neop               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_other              : num  1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

Correlations

Numeric variable correlations

# diab_num <- diab1[1:8]
# 
# M <- cor(diab_num,
#          method = "pearson")
# M
# corrplot(M,
#          method = "square")
# cor.plot(diab_num)

d_num <- dataset3[, c(7:14, 19:27)]

M <- cor(d_num,
         method = "pearson")
round(M, 2)
##                    time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## time_in_hospital               1.00               0.27           0.23
## num_lab_procedures             0.27               1.00           0.17
## num_procedures                 0.23               0.17           1.00
## num_medications                0.44               0.33           0.29
## number_outpatient              0.01               0.08           0.08
## number_emergency              -0.04               0.02          -0.08
## number_inpatient               0.08              -0.04          -0.03
## number_diagnoses               0.16               0.19           0.16
## diag_circ                     -0.06               0.01           0.08
## diag_resp                     -0.06              -0.04          -0.06
## diag_dig                       0.07               0.06           0.11
## diag_diab                      0.02              -0.06          -0.10
## diag_inj                       0.02               0.05           0.07
## diag_musc                      0.05              -0.09          -0.03
## diag_geni                      0.04               0.17          -0.05
## diag_neop                      0.03               0.03           0.17
## diag_other                    -0.01              -0.04          -0.13
##                    num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
## time_in_hospital              0.44              0.01            -0.04
## num_lab_procedures            0.33              0.08             0.02
## num_procedures                0.29              0.08            -0.08
## num_medications               1.00              0.22             0.11
## number_outpatient             0.22              1.00             0.49
## number_emergency              0.11              0.49             1.00
## number_inpatient              0.24              0.24             0.50
## number_diagnoses              0.49              0.41             0.26
## diag_circ                    -0.03             -0.06            -0.08
## diag_resp                     0.15              0.13             0.00
## diag_dig                      0.05             -0.01            -0.05
## diag_diab                    -0.15              0.07             0.08
## diag_inj                      0.15              0.02            -0.05
## diag_musc                     0.01             -0.02            -0.04
## diag_geni                    -0.03              0.05            -0.02
## diag_neop                    -0.02              0.00            -0.02
## diag_other                   -0.07             -0.06             0.01
##                    number_inpatient number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp
## time_in_hospital               0.08             0.16     -0.06     -0.06
## num_lab_procedures            -0.04             0.19      0.01     -0.04
## num_procedures                -0.03             0.16      0.08     -0.06
## num_medications                0.24             0.49     -0.03      0.15
## number_outpatient              0.24             0.41     -0.06      0.13
## number_emergency               0.50             0.26     -0.08      0.00
## number_inpatient               1.00             0.26     -0.11      0.04
## number_diagnoses               0.26             1.00     -0.07      0.13
## diag_circ                     -0.11            -0.07      1.00     -0.04
## diag_resp                      0.04             0.13     -0.04      1.00
## diag_dig                       0.05            -0.04     -0.14     -0.15
## diag_diab                     -0.03            -0.14     -0.23     -0.08
## diag_inj                      -0.01             0.05     -0.27     -0.16
## diag_musc                     -0.05            -0.02     -0.13      0.00
## diag_geni                     -0.02             0.06     -0.01     -0.12
## diag_neop                      0.00             0.13     -0.08      0.01
## diag_other                     0.02             0.00     -0.41     -0.24
##                    diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc diag_geni diag_neop
## time_in_hospital       0.07      0.02     0.02      0.05      0.04      0.03
## num_lab_procedures     0.06     -0.06     0.05     -0.09      0.17      0.03
## num_procedures         0.11     -0.10     0.07     -0.03     -0.05      0.17
## num_medications        0.05     -0.15     0.15      0.01     -0.03     -0.02
## number_outpatient     -0.01      0.07     0.02     -0.02      0.05      0.00
## number_emergency      -0.05      0.08    -0.05     -0.04     -0.02     -0.02
## number_inpatient       0.05     -0.03    -0.01     -0.05     -0.02      0.00
## number_diagnoses      -0.04     -0.14     0.05     -0.02      0.06      0.13
## diag_circ             -0.14     -0.23    -0.27     -0.13     -0.01     -0.08
## diag_resp             -0.15     -0.08    -0.16      0.00     -0.12      0.01
## diag_dig               1.00     -0.06    -0.03     -0.03     -0.07      0.02
## diag_diab             -0.06      1.00    -0.12      0.03     -0.13     -0.16
## diag_inj              -0.03     -0.12     1.00      0.01      0.04     -0.06
## diag_musc             -0.03      0.03     0.01      1.00     -0.04     -0.04
## diag_geni             -0.07     -0.13     0.04     -0.04      1.00      0.06
## diag_neop              0.02     -0.16    -0.06     -0.04      0.06      1.00
## diag_other            -0.09      0.04     0.20     -0.03     -0.09     -0.09
##                    diag_other
## time_in_hospital        -0.01
## num_lab_procedures      -0.04
## num_procedures          -0.13
## num_medications         -0.07
## number_outpatient       -0.06
## number_emergency         0.01
## number_inpatient         0.02
## number_diagnoses         0.00
## diag_circ               -0.41
## diag_resp               -0.24
## diag_dig                -0.09
## diag_diab                0.04
## diag_inj                 0.20
## diag_musc               -0.03
## diag_geni               -0.09
## diag_neop               -0.09
## diag_other               1.00
corrplot(M,
         method = "square")

cor.plot(d_num)

Plots

ggpairs(dataset3)
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

Barplot

Outcome Barplots

#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(readmitted)) +
  geom_bar()

#Readmission & Discharge disposition
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(readmitted)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(discharge_disposition_id)))

* The readmitted barplot shows that a larger percentage of patients that were not readmitted were discharged to home, while a larger percentage of patients that were readmitted were discharged elsewhere. It is important to note that there are a greater number of patients that were readmitted in this sample.

Categorical Barplots

#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(race)) +
  geom_bar()

#Race & Readmission
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(race)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(readmitted)))

* The race bar graph shows that a greater number of Caucasians, Asians, Hispanics, and Other were readmitted. Upon looking at the graph, it appears that more African Americans were not readmitted. For the responses where racial information was not available, the graph shows that more patients were not readmitted.

#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(gender)) +
  geom_bar()

#Gender & Readmission
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(gender)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(readmitted)))

* The gender bar graph shows that a greater number of female patients were readmitted than male, though it is important to note that there are more female patients in this sample.

#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(age)) +
  geom_bar()

#Race & Readmission
ggplot(dataset3,
       aes(age)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(readmitted)))

* The age bar graph show that more patients older than 60 were readmitted, though it is important to note that there are a greater number of patients older than 60 in the sample.

Histograms

str(dataset3)
## 'data.frame':    298 obs. of  27 variables:
##  $ race                    : Factor w/ 5 levels "AfricanAmerican",..: 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 ...
##  $ gender                  : Factor w/ 2 levels "Female","Male": 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 ...
##  $ age                     : Factor w/ 2 levels "OlderThan60",..: 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 ...
##  $ admission_type_id       : Factor w/ 4 levels "1","2","3","6": 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id: Factor w/ 2 levels "Other","Discharged to Home": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ admission_source_id     : Factor w/ 3 levels "1","2","7": 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ time_in_hospital        : int  5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures      : int  47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
##  $ num_procedures          : int  1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
##  $ num_medications         : int  6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
##  $ number_outpatient       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient        : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_diagnoses        : int  5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum           : chr  ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
##  $ A1Cresult               : chr  "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
##  $ diabetesMed             : chr  "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ readmitted              : chr  "YES" "YES" "YES" "NO" ...
##  $ diag_circ               : num  1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_resp               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_dig                : num  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_diab               : num  0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_inj                : num  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_musc               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_geni               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_neop               : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_other              : num  1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
summary(dataset3)
##               race        gender               age      admission_type_id
##  AfricanAmerican: 51   Female:173   OlderThan60  :165   1: 52            
##  Asian          :  7   Male  :125   YoungerThan60:133   2:  4            
##  Caucasian      :182                                    3:  2            
##  Hispanic       : 39                                    6:240            
##  Other          : 13                                                     
##  NA's           :  6                                                     
##        discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id time_in_hospital
##  Other             : 74         1: 23               Min.   : 1.000  
##  Discharged to Home:224         2:  2               1st Qu.: 3.000  
##                                 7:273               Median : 5.000  
##                                                     Mean   : 5.416  
##                                                     3rd Qu.: 7.000  
##                                                     Max.   :14.000  
##  num_lab_procedures num_procedures   num_medications number_outpatient
##  Min.   : 31.00     Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 1.00   Min.   :0.0000   
##  1st Qu.: 54.00     1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.: 9.00   1st Qu.:0.0000   
##  Median : 63.50     Median :0.0000   Median :13.50   Median :0.0000   
##  Mean   : 64.27     Mean   :0.8423   Mean   :14.51   Mean   :0.1544   
##  3rd Qu.: 74.00     3rd Qu.:1.7500   3rd Qu.:19.00   3rd Qu.:0.0000   
##  Max.   :106.00     Max.   :6.0000   Max.   :35.00   Max.   :6.0000   
##  number_emergency number_inpatient number_diagnoses max_glu_serum     
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :1.000    Length:298        
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:5.000    Class :character  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :6.000    Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :0.1678   Mean   :0.6577   Mean   :5.913                      
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:6.000                      
##  Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :9.000                      
##   A1Cresult         diabetesMed         readmitted          diag_circ     
##  Length:298         Length:298         Length:298         Min.   :0.0000  
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :1.0000  
##                                                           Mean   :0.5302  
##                                                           3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##                                                           Max.   :1.0000  
##    diag_resp         diag_dig        diag_diab         diag_inj      
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.00000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.00000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :1.0000   Median :0.00000  
##  Mean   :0.3087   Mean   :0.1275   Mean   :0.6342   Mean   :0.07047  
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.00000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.00000  
##    diag_musc         diag_geni        diag_neop         diag_other    
##  Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.00000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.00000   Median :1.0000  
##  Mean   :0.04362   Mean   :0.1409   Mean   :0.04027   Mean   :0.5403  
##  3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.0000

Histograms grouped by readmission status

# Grouped
# p <- data %>%
#   ggplot( aes(x=value, fill=type)) +
#     geom_histogram( color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.6, position = 'identity') +
#     scale_fill_manual(values=c("#69b3a2", "#404080")) +
#     theme_ipsum() +
#     labs(fill="")

#time_in_hospital
hosp_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = time_in_hospital,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
hosp_hist

#num_lab_procedures
lab_p_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = num_lab_procedures,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)
lab_p_hist

#num_procedures
procedures_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = num_procedures,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
procedures_hist

#num_medications
medications_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = num_medications,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
medications_hist

#number_outpatient
outpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_outpatient,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
outpatient_hist

#number_emergency
emergency_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_emergency,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
emergency_hist

#number_inpatient
inpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_inpatient,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
inpatient_hist

#number_diagnoses
diagnoses_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_diagnoses,
             fill = readmitted)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
diagnoses_hist

* time_in_hospital histogram is positively skewed and shows that more patients that spent 6 or more days in the hospital were readmitted than not. * num_lab_procedures histogram appears approximately normal. * num_procedures, number_outpatient, number_emergency, and number_inpatient histograms are positively skewed, with greater number of readmitted patients. * num_medications histogram displays slight positive skewness, though the “YES” readmission histogram seems more normal than the overall graph. A greater number of patients with fewer than 20 medications were not readmitted. * number_diagnoses histogram is negatively skewed, showing more patients with a greater number of diagnoses were readmitted.

Histograms grouped by Discharge Disposition

# Grouped
# p <- data %>%
#   ggplot( aes(x=value, fill=type)) +
#     geom_histogram( color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.6, position = 'identity') +
#     scale_fill_manual(values=c("#69b3a2", "#404080")) +
#     theme_ipsum() +
#     labs(fill="")

#time_in_hospital
hosp_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = time_in_hospital,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
hosp_hist

#num_lab_procedures
lab_p_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = num_lab_procedures,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)
lab_p_hist

#num_procedures
procedures_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = num_procedures,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
procedures_hist

#num_medications
medications_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = num_medications,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
medications_hist

#number_outpatient
outpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_outpatient,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
outpatient_hist

#number_emergency
emergency_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_emergency,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
emergency_hist

#number_inpatient
inpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_inpatient,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
inpatient_hist

#number_diagnoses
diagnoses_hist <- dataset3 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = number_diagnoses,
             fill = discharge_disposition_id)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
diagnoses_hist

* The histograms grouped by discharge disposition show that a large majority of patients were discharged to their homes.

Scatter Plots, grouped by Readmission status

#Highest Correlating Variables:
# number_emergency & number_inpatient = 0.5

# BMI_Skin <- ggplot(data = diab1,
#                    aes(x = BMI,
#                        y = SkinThickness,
#                        color = Outcome),
#                    na.rm = TRUE) +
#   geom_point(size = 0.5) +
#   geom_smooth(method = lm) +
#   labs(title = "BMI vs. Skin Thickness")
# BMI_Skin

#number_emergency & number_inpatient = 0.5
em_in <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
                   aes(x = number_inpatient,
                       y = number_emergency,
                       color = readmitted),
                   na.rm = TRUE) +
  geom_point(size = 0.5) +
  geom_smooth(method = lm) +
  labs(title = "Number of Emergency vs. Inpatient visitation")
em_in
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

#number_emergency & number_outpatient = 0.49
em_out <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
                   aes(x = number_outpatient,
                       y = number_emergency,
                       color = readmitted),
                   na.rm = TRUE) +
  geom_point(size = 0.5) +
  geom_smooth(method = lm) +
  labs(title = "Number of Emergency vs. Outpatient visitation")
em_out
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

#num_medications & number_diagnoses = 0.49
med_diag <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
                   aes(x = number_diagnoses,
                       y = num_medications,
                       color = readmitted),
                   na.rm = TRUE) +
  geom_point(size = 0.5) +
  geom_smooth(method = lm) +
  labs(title = "Number of Medications vs. Number of Diagnoses")
med_diag
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

#num_medications & time_in_hospital = 0.44
med_time <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
                   aes(x = time_in_hospital,
                       y = num_medications,
                       color = readmitted),
                   na.rm = TRUE) +
  geom_point(size = 0.5) +
  geom_smooth(method = lm) +
  labs(title = "Number of Medications vs. Time in Hospital")
med_time
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'


Predictive Models

Dummy Variables

d <- predict(dummyVars(~discharge_disposition_id + admission_type_id + max_glu_serum + A1Cresult + admission_source_id,
                       data = dataset3),
             newdata = dataset3)

head(d)
##     discharge_disposition_id.Other discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home
## 163                              1                                           0
## 193                              0                                           1
## 461                              0                                           1
## 594                              0                                           1
## 697                              0                                           1
## 772                              0                                           1
##     admission_type_id.1 admission_type_id.2 admission_type_id.3
## 163                   0                   0                   0
## 193                   0                   0                   0
## 461                   0                   0                   0
## 594                   0                   0                   0
## 697                   0                   0                   0
## 772                   0                   0                   0
##     admission_type_id.6 max_glu_serum>200 max_glu_serum>300 max_glu_serumNorm
## 163                   1                 1                 0                 0
## 193                   1                 0                 1                 0
## 461                   1                 0                 1                 0
## 594                   1                 0                 1                 0
## 697                   1                 1                 0                 0
## 772                   1                 0                 0                 1
##     A1Cresult>7 A1Cresult>8 A1CresultNorm admission_source_id.1
## 163           0           0             1                     0
## 193           0           1             0                     0
## 461           0           1             0                     0
## 594           0           1             0                     0
## 697           1           0             0                     0
## 772           1           0             0                     0
##     admission_source_id.2 admission_source_id.7
## 163                     0                     1
## 193                     0                     1
## 461                     0                     1
## 594                     0                     1
## 697                     0                     1
## 772                     1                     0
colnames(d)
##  [1] "discharge_disposition_id.Other"             
##  [2] "discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home"
##  [3] "admission_type_id.1"                        
##  [4] "admission_type_id.2"                        
##  [5] "admission_type_id.3"                        
##  [6] "admission_type_id.6"                        
##  [7] "max_glu_serum>200"                          
##  [8] "max_glu_serum>300"                          
##  [9] "max_glu_serumNorm"                          
## [10] "A1Cresult>7"                                
## [11] "A1Cresult>8"                                
## [12] "A1CresultNorm"                              
## [13] "admission_source_id.1"                      
## [14] "admission_source_id.2"                      
## [15] "admission_source_id.7"
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "A1Cresult>7"] <- "A1Cresult7"
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "A1Cresult>8"] <- "A1Cresult8" 
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "max_glu_serum>300"] <- "max_glu_serum.300" 
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "max_glu_serum>200"] <- "max_glu_serum.200"

colnames(d)
##  [1] "discharge_disposition_id.Other"             
##  [2] "discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home"
##  [3] "admission_type_id.1"                        
##  [4] "admission_type_id.2"                        
##  [5] "admission_type_id.3"                        
##  [6] "admission_type_id.6"                        
##  [7] "max_glu_serum.200"                          
##  [8] "max_glu_serum.300"                          
##  [9] "max_glu_serumNorm"                          
## [10] "A1Cresult7"                                 
## [11] "A1Cresult8"                                 
## [12] "A1CresultNorm"                              
## [13] "admission_source_id.1"                      
## [14] "admission_source_id.2"                      
## [15] "admission_source_id.7"
dataset4 <- select(dataset3, c("readmitted", "time_in_hospital", "num_lab_procedures", "num_procedures", "num_medications", "number_outpatient", "number_emergency", "number_inpatient", "number_diagnoses", "diag_circ", "diag_resp", "diag_dig", "diag_diab", "diag_inj", "diag_musc", "diag_geni", "diag_neop", "diag_other"))

head(dataset4)
##     readmitted time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163        YES                5                 47              1
## 193        YES                2                 53              0
## 461        YES               10                 72              1
## 594         NO                2                 61              0
## 697         NO               11                 71              1
## 772        YES               14                 43              0
##     num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## 163               6                 0                0                0
## 193               4                 0                0                0
## 461              19                 0                0                0
## 594               5                 0                0                0
## 697              20                 0                0                0
## 772              11                 0                0                0
##     number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163                5         1         0        0         0        0         0
## 193                2         1         0        0         1        0         0
## 461                5         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 594                5         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 697                5         0         0        0         1        1         0
## 772                3         0         0        1         1        0         0
##     diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## 163         0         0          1
## 193         0         0          0
## 461         0         0          1
## 594         0         0          1
## 697         0         0          1
## 772         0         0          1
dataset3 <- cbind(dataset4, d)

head(dataset4)
##     readmitted time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163        YES                5                 47              1
## 193        YES                2                 53              0
## 461        YES               10                 72              1
## 594         NO                2                 61              0
## 697         NO               11                 71              1
## 772        YES               14                 43              0
##     num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## 163               6                 0                0                0
## 193               4                 0                0                0
## 461              19                 0                0                0
## 594               5                 0                0                0
## 697              20                 0                0                0
## 772              11                 0                0                0
##     number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163                5         1         0        0         0        0         0
## 193                2         1         0        0         1        0         0
## 461                5         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 594                5         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 697                5         0         0        0         1        1         0
## 772                3         0         0        1         1        0         0
##     diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## 163         0         0          1
## 193         0         0          0
## 461         0         0          1
## 594         0         0          1
## 697         0         0          1
## 772         0         0          1
nrow(dataset4)
## [1] 298
ncol(dataset4)
## [1] 18
dataset4 <- dataset4[ , c("readmitted",
                          names(dataset4)[names(dataset4) != "readmitted"])]

colnames(dataset4)
##  [1] "readmitted"         "time_in_hospital"   "num_lab_procedures"
##  [4] "num_procedures"     "num_medications"    "number_outpatient" 
##  [7] "number_emergency"   "number_inpatient"   "number_diagnoses"  
## [10] "diag_circ"          "diag_resp"          "diag_dig"          
## [13] "diag_diab"          "diag_inj"           "diag_musc"         
## [16] "diag_geni"          "diag_neop"          "diag_other"

Train & Test Split

set.seed(123)
split <- sample.split(dataset4$readmitted,
                      SplitRatio = 0.8)
df.train <- subset(dataset3,
                     split == TRUE)
df.test <- subset(subset(dataset3,
                           split == FALSE))

nrow(df.test)
## [1] 60
nrow(df.train)
## [1] 238
head(df.train)
##      readmitted time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163         YES                5                 47              1
## 461         YES               10                 72              1
## 594          NO                2                 61              0
## 697          NO               11                 71              1
## 962         YES                2                 66              0
## 1281        YES                3                 76              0
##      num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## 163                6                 0                0                0
## 461               19                 0                0                0
## 594                5                 0                0                0
## 697               20                 0                0                0
## 962                3                 0                0                0
## 1281               9                 0                0                0
##      number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163                 5         1         0        0         0        0         0
## 461                 5         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 594                 5         0         0        0         1        0         0
## 697                 5         0         0        0         1        1         0
## 962                 3         1         0        0         1        0         0
## 1281                5         0         0        0         0        0         0
##      diag_geni diag_neop diag_other discharge_disposition_id.Other
## 163          0         0          1                              1
## 461          0         0          1                              0
## 594          0         0          1                              0
## 697          0         0          1                              0
## 962          0         0          1                              0
## 1281         0         0          1                              0
##      discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home admission_type_id.1
## 163                                            0                   0
## 461                                            1                   0
## 594                                            1                   0
## 697                                            1                   0
## 962                                            1                   0
## 1281                                           1                   0
##      admission_type_id.2 admission_type_id.3 admission_type_id.6
## 163                    0                   0                   1
## 461                    0                   0                   1
## 594                    0                   0                   1
## 697                    0                   0                   1
## 962                    0                   0                   1
## 1281                   0                   0                   1
##      max_glu_serum.200 max_glu_serum.300 max_glu_serumNorm A1Cresult7
## 163                  1                 0                 0          0
## 461                  0                 1                 0          0
## 594                  0                 1                 0          0
## 697                  1                 0                 0          1
## 962                  0                 0                 1          1
## 1281                 0                 1                 0          1
##      A1Cresult8 A1CresultNorm admission_source_id.1 admission_source_id.2
## 163           0             1                     0                     0
## 461           1             0                     0                     0
## 594           1             0                     0                     0
## 697           0             0                     0                     0
## 962           0             0                     0                     0
## 1281          0             0                     0                     0
##      admission_source_id.7
## 163                      1
## 461                      1
## 594                      1
## 697                      1
## 962                      1
## 1281                     1
str(df.train)
## 'data.frame':    238 obs. of  33 variables:
##  $ readmitted                                 : chr  "YES" "YES" "NO" "NO" ...
##  $ time_in_hospital                           : int  5 10 2 11 2 3 4 13 6 4 ...
##  $ num_lab_procedures                         : int  47 72 61 71 66 76 41 58 69 52 ...
##  $ num_procedures                             : int  1 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 ...
##  $ num_medications                            : int  6 19 5 20 3 9 8 17 17 8 ...
##  $ number_outpatient                          : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_emergency                           : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ number_inpatient                           : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
##  $ number_diagnoses                           : int  5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 ...
##  $ diag_circ                                  : num  1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 ...
##  $ diag_resp                                  : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_dig                                   : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_diab                                  : num  0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 ...
##  $ diag_inj                                   : num  0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_musc                                  : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_geni                                  : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_neop                                  : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ diag_other                                 : num  1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id.Other             : num  1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
##  $ discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home: num  0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 ...
##  $ admission_type_id.1                        : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ admission_type_id.2                        : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ admission_type_id.3                        : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ admission_type_id.6                        : num  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum.200                          : num  1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ...
##  $ max_glu_serum.300                          : num  0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ max_glu_serumNorm                          : num  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ A1Cresult7                                 : num  0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ A1Cresult8                                 : num  0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 ...
##  $ A1CresultNorm                              : num  1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
##  $ admission_source_id.1                      : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ...
##  $ admission_source_id.2                      : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ admission_source_id.7                      : num  1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ...
nrow(df.train)
## [1] 238
ncol(df.train)
## [1] 33
sum(is.na(df.train))
## [1] 0
sum(is.na(df.test))
## [1] 0

Logistic Regression

Coding the readmission status as 0 (No) and 1 (YES).

table(dataset4$readmitted)
## 
##  NO YES 
## 123 175
df.train1 <- df.train
table(df.train1$readmitted)
## 
##  NO YES 
##  98 140
df.test1 <- df.test
df.train1$readmitted[df.train1$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
df.train1$readmitted[df.train1$readmitted == "YES"] = 1

table(df.train1$readmitted)
## 
##   0   1 
##  98 140
df.train1$readmitted <- as.numeric(df.train1$readmitted)
class(df.train1$readmitted)
## [1] "numeric"
df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "YES"] = 1

df.test1$readmitted <- as.numeric(df.test1$readmitted)
class(df.test1$readmitted)
## [1] "numeric"
table(df.test1$readmitted)
## 
##  0  1 
## 25 35

Logistic Regression Models

Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) refers to a mathematical method for evaluating how well a model fits the data it was generated from. It is used to compare different possible models and determine which is the best fit for the data. A lower AIC score is better.

I will use the AIC scores of each of the following models to determine which features are most significant in determining a patient’s readmission status. The model with the lowest AIC score will be used for model prediction against df.test.

Log Model 1

logModel1 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ . , 
                 family = binomial,
                 data = df.train1)
## Warning: glm.fit: fitted probabilities numerically 0 or 1 occurred
summary(logModel1)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ ., family = binomial, data = df.train1)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
## -2.6305  -0.9068   0.3715   0.8385   1.8463  
## 
## Coefficients: (5 not defined because of singularities)
##                                                 Estimate Std. Error z value
## (Intercept)                                    1.089e+00  1.248e+00   0.873
## time_in_hospital                               1.064e-01  6.671e-02   1.595
## num_lab_procedures                            -1.858e-02  1.286e-02  -1.445
## num_procedures                                -3.716e-01  1.529e-01  -2.431
## num_medications                                5.176e-02  3.110e-02   1.664
## number_outpatient                             -7.172e-02  4.686e-01  -0.153
## number_emergency                               1.549e+01  1.060e+03   0.015
## number_inpatient                               6.795e-01  2.260e-01   3.007
## number_diagnoses                              -1.045e-01  1.644e-01  -0.636
## diag_circ                                      8.051e-02  4.234e-01   0.190
## diag_resp                                      7.120e-02  4.146e-01   0.172
## diag_dig                                       1.942e-01  5.302e-01   0.366
## diag_diab                                     -9.909e-01  3.964e-01  -2.500
## diag_inj                                      -3.803e-01  6.908e-01  -0.551
## diag_musc                                      5.308e-03  7.723e-01   0.007
## diag_geni                                     -2.153e-01  4.730e-01  -0.455
## diag_neop                                      9.416e-01  9.686e-01   0.972
## diag_other                                    -6.819e-01  4.090e-01  -1.667
## discharge_disposition_id.Other                 7.315e-01  3.883e-01   1.884
## `discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home`         NA         NA      NA
## admission_type_id.1                            7.364e-01  7.033e-01   1.047
## admission_type_id.2                           -7.981e+01  1.249e+04  -0.006
## admission_type_id.3                           -7.569e-01  1.857e+00  -0.408
## admission_type_id.6                                   NA         NA      NA
## max_glu_serum.200                             -1.979e-01  4.322e-01  -0.458
## max_glu_serum.300                             -5.191e-01  5.098e-01  -1.018
## max_glu_serumNorm                                     NA         NA      NA
## A1Cresult7                                     4.971e-01  5.022e-01   0.990
## A1Cresult8                                     7.954e-01  4.790e-01   1.661
## A1CresultNorm                                         NA         NA      NA
## admission_source_id.1                          1.105e+00  6.846e-01   1.614
## admission_source_id.2                          1.943e+01  1.075e+04   0.002
## admission_source_id.7                                 NA         NA      NA
##                                               Pr(>|z|)   
## (Intercept)                                    0.38283   
## time_in_hospital                               0.11079   
## num_lab_procedures                             0.14852   
## num_procedures                                 0.01507 * 
## num_medications                                0.09605 . 
## number_outpatient                              0.87835   
## number_emergency                               0.98834   
## number_inpatient                               0.00264 **
## number_diagnoses                               0.52493   
## diag_circ                                      0.84918   
## diag_resp                                      0.86364   
## diag_dig                                       0.71409   
## diag_diab                                      0.01242 * 
## diag_inj                                       0.58194   
## diag_musc                                      0.99452   
## diag_geni                                      0.64901   
## diag_neop                                      0.33098   
## diag_other                                     0.09545 . 
## discharge_disposition_id.Other                 0.05958 . 
## `discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home`       NA   
## admission_type_id.1                            0.29507   
## admission_type_id.2                            0.99490   
## admission_type_id.3                            0.68361   
## admission_type_id.6                                 NA   
## max_glu_serum.200                              0.64698   
## max_glu_serum.300                              0.30858   
## max_glu_serumNorm                                   NA   
## A1Cresult7                                     0.32223   
## A1Cresult8                                     0.09679 . 
## A1CresultNorm                                       NA   
## admission_source_id.1                          0.10662   
## admission_source_id.2                          0.99856   
## admission_source_id.7                               NA   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 322.49  on 237  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 250.11  on 210  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 306.11
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 18
#Based on logModel1, the significant values are as follows:
# ** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# . num_medications
# . diag_other
# . discharge_disposition_id.Other
# . A1Cresult8 

#AIC: 306.11

Log Model 2

With an AIC result of 289.43, we can assume that logModel2 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11).

logModel2 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient +
                   num_procedures + 
                   diag_diab +
                   num_medications +
                   diag_other +
                   discharge_disposition_id.Other +
                   A1Cresult8, 
                 family = binomial,
                 data = df.train1)
summary(logModel2)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient + num_procedures + 
##     diag_diab + num_medications + diag_other + discharge_disposition_id.Other + 
##     A1Cresult8, family = binomial, data = df.train1)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
## -2.7007  -1.0547   0.4815   0.9706   1.7236  
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)                     0.02333    0.46319   0.050 0.959832    
## number_inpatient                0.75849    0.21291   3.563 0.000367 ***
## num_procedures                 -0.27831    0.12708  -2.190 0.028527 *  
## diag_diab                      -0.75669    0.32432  -2.333 0.019639 *  
## num_medications                 0.05032    0.02229   2.257 0.023989 *  
## diag_other                     -0.64622    0.29894  -2.162 0.030643 *  
## discharge_disposition_id.Other  0.66165    0.35239   1.878 0.060433 .  
## A1Cresult8                      0.34839    0.30837   1.130 0.258575    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 322.49  on 237  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 273.43  on 230  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 289.43
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5
#Based on logModel2, the significant values are as follows:
# *** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# * num_medications
# * diag_other
# . discharge_disposition_id.Other

#AIC: 289.43
# With an AIC result of 289.43, we can assume that logModel2 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11).

Log Model 3

With an AIC result of 288.72, we can assume that logModel3 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) and logModel2 (AIC = 289.43).

logModel3 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient +
                   num_procedures + 
                   diag_diab +
                   num_medications +
                   diag_other +
                   discharge_disposition_id.Other, 
                 family = binomial,
                 data = df.train1)
summary(logModel3)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient + num_procedures + 
##     diag_diab + num_medications + diag_other + discharge_disposition_id.Other, 
##     family = binomial, data = df.train1)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
## -2.6398  -1.0456   0.4729   0.9550   1.6525  
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)                     0.14654    0.45044   0.325 0.744925    
## number_inpatient                0.74789    0.21329   3.506 0.000454 ***
## num_procedures                 -0.27066    0.12588  -2.150 0.031541 *  
## diag_diab                      -0.65924    0.31019  -2.125 0.033565 *  
## num_medications                 0.05138    0.02223   2.311 0.020819 *  
## diag_other                     -0.64697    0.29829  -2.169 0.030087 *  
## discharge_disposition_id.Other  0.64519    0.34980   1.844 0.065121 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 322.49  on 237  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 274.72  on 231  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 288.72
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5
#Based on logModel3, the significant values are as follows:
# *** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# * num_medications
# * diag_other
# . discharge_disposition_id.Other

#AIC: 288.72
# With an AIC result of 288.72, we can assume that logModel3 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) and logModel2 (AIC = 289.43).

Log Model 4

With an AIC result of 290.23, we can assume that logModel4 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) but not as good as logModel2 (AIC = 289.43) and logModel3 (AIC = 288.72).

logModel4 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient +
                   num_procedures + 
                   diag_diab +
                   num_medications +
                   diag_other, 
                 family = binomial,
                 data = df.train1)
summary(logModel4)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient + num_procedures + 
##     diag_diab + num_medications + diag_other, family = binomial, 
##     data = df.train1)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
## -2.4655  -1.0795   0.4902   0.9986   1.5984  
## 
## Coefficients:
##                  Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)       0.27583    0.44169   0.624 0.532303    
## number_inpatient  0.75856    0.21150   3.587 0.000335 ***
## num_procedures   -0.25613    0.12447  -2.058 0.039619 *  
## diag_diab        -0.70694    0.30738  -2.300 0.021452 *  
## num_medications   0.05422    0.02203   2.462 0.013835 *  
## diag_other       -0.64304    0.29632  -2.170 0.030002 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 322.49  on 237  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 278.23  on 232  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 290.23
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5
#Based on logModel4, the significant values are as follows:
# *** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# * num_medications
# * diag_other

#AIC: 290.23
# With an AIC result of 290.23, we can assume that logModel4 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) but not as good as logModel2 (AIC = 289.43) and logModel3 (AIC = 288.72).

Logistic Regression Prediction

As logModel3 returned the lowest AIC result (AIC = 288.72) of the 4 logistic regression models, I will continue logistic regression prediction with this model.

# Outcome.predictions <- predict(logModel1,
#                                df.test,
#                                type = "response")
# 
# log.results <- cbind(Outcome.predictions,
#                      df.test$Outcome)
# 
# results.class <- ifelse(log.results > 0.5, 1,0) 
# colnames(results.class) <- c("pred", "real")
# results.class <- as.data.frame(results.class)
# 
# head(results.class)

readmitted.predictions <- predict(logModel3,
                                  df.test1,
                                  type = "response")

log.results <- cbind(readmitted.predictions,
                     df.test1$readmitted)

results.class <- ifelse(log.results > 0.5, 1, 0)
colnames(results.class) <- c("pred", "real")
results.class <- as.data.frame(results.class)

head(results.class)
##      pred real
## 193     0    1
## 772     0    1
## 824     0    1
## 1756    0    1
## 2080    0    1
## 4967    1    1

Logistic Regression Confusion Matrix

# table(df.test$Outcome,
#       results.class$pred)

table(df.test1$readmitted,
      results.class$pred)
##    
##      0  1
##   0 15 10
##   1 14 21
df.test1$readmitted <- as.factor(df.test1$readmitted)
results.class$pred <- as.factor(results.class$pred)

confusionMatrix(df.test1$readmitted,
                results.class$pred)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##           Reference
## Prediction  0  1
##          0 15 10
##          1 14 21
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.6             
##                  95% CI : (0.4654, 0.7244)
##     No Information Rate : 0.5167          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.1223          
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.1955          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.5403          
##                                           
##             Sensitivity : 0.5172          
##             Specificity : 0.6774          
##          Pos Pred Value : 0.6000          
##          Neg Pred Value : 0.6000          
##              Prevalence : 0.4833          
##          Detection Rate : 0.2500          
##    Detection Prevalence : 0.4167          
##       Balanced Accuracy : 0.5973          
##                                           
##        'Positive' Class : 0               
## 

Logistic regression confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.6 * Kappa: 0.1955

K-Nearest Neighbors

K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) is a simple, supervised machine learning algorithm that can use used to solve both classification and regression problems.

As the output for the models is a binary factor variable, and KNN can be implemented for classification, I believe that KNN should work well with the data provided.

table(df.test1$readmitted)
## 
##  0  1 
## 25 35
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == 1] = "NO"
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == 2] = "YES"
# 
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "YES"] = 1

df.test1$readmitted <- as.numeric(df.test1$readmitted)
results.class$pred <- as.numeric(results.class$pred)

# table(df.test1$readmitted)
df.train2 <- df.train1
df.test2 <- df.test1

K-NN

# Fitting K-NN to the Training set and Predicting the Test set results
y_pred = knn(train = df.train2,
             test = df.test2,
             df.train2$readmitted,
             k = 9)

head(y_pred)
## [1] 0 1 0 1 1 1
## Levels: 0 1
misclass.error = mean(df.test2$readmitted != y_pred)
misclass.error
## [1] 0.75
#Misclass error with K value of 9 = 0.75

Choosing a K

#Choosing a K-value
y_pred <- NULL
error.rate <- NULL

for (i in 1:20){
  set.seed(123)
  y_pred <- knn(train = df.train2,
                test = df.test2,
                df.train2$readmitted,
                k = i)
  error.rate[i] <- mean(df.test2$readmitted != y_pred)
}

error.rate
##  [1] 0.7833333 0.7666667 0.7666667 0.8000000 0.7500000 0.7500000 0.7833333
##  [8] 0.7833333 0.7500000 0.7666667 0.7333333 0.7500000 0.7333333 0.7333333
## [15] 0.7166667 0.7166667 0.7166667 0.7000000 0.7000000 0.7000000
#Visualize K - Elbow Method

k.values <- 1:20
error.df <- data.frame(error.rate,
                       k.values)

ggplot(error.df,
       aes(k.values,
           error.rate)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_line(lty = "dotted",
            color = "red")

#Optimal K value: 6

K-NN with Optimal K value

y_pred = knn(train = df.train2,
             test = df.test2,
             df.train2$readmitted,
             k = 6)

head(y_pred)
## [1] 0 1 0 1 0 1
## Levels: 0 1
misclass.error = mean(df.test2$readmitted != y_pred)
misclass.error
## [1] 0.7666667
#Misclass error with K value of 6 = 0.733

K-NN Confusion Matrix

cm = table(df.test2$readmitted,
           y_pred)
cm
##    y_pred
##      0  1
##   1 11 14
##   2  5 30
df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == 1] = "NO"
df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == 2] = "YES"

df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == "YES"] = 1
df.test2$readmitted <- as.factor(df.test2$readmitted)
y_pred <- as.factor(y_pred)

class(df.test2$readmitted)
## [1] "factor"
class(y_pred)
## [1] "factor"
table(df.test2$readmitted)
## 
##  0  1 
## 25 35
table(y_pred)
## y_pred
##  0  1 
## 16 44
confusionMatrix(df.test2$readmitted,
                y_pred)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##           Reference
## Prediction  0  1
##          0 11 14
##          1  5 30
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.6833          
##                  95% CI : (0.5504, 0.7974)
##     No Information Rate : 0.7333          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.84653         
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.3133          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.06646         
##                                           
##             Sensitivity : 0.6875          
##             Specificity : 0.6818          
##          Pos Pred Value : 0.4400          
##          Neg Pred Value : 0.8571          
##              Prevalence : 0.2667          
##          Detection Rate : 0.1833          
##    Detection Prevalence : 0.4167          
##       Balanced Accuracy : 0.6847          
##                                           
##        'Positive' Class : 0               
## 

K-Nearest Neighbor confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.6833 * Kappa: 0.3133

Support Vector Machines

Support Vector Machines (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm that can be used for classification.

As the output for the models is a binary factor variable, and SVM is primarily used in classification, it is expected that SVM should work well with the data provided.

Fitting SVM to the Training Set

#Fitting SVM to the Training set
classifier = svm(formula = readmitted ~ .,
                 data = df.train2,
                 kernel = 'linear')

SVM Predicting the Test Set Results

# Predicting the Test set results
svm_pred = predict(classifier,
                 newdata = df.test2[-1])
print(svm_pred)
##          193          772          824         1756         2080         4967 
##  0.391707387  1.419768246 -0.034635750 -0.185234324  0.376624914  0.805251059 
##         5313         5771         6129         7698         9689        13549 
##  0.651847388  0.419428707  1.163023957  1.363393850  1.010887480  0.482979388 
##        13634        15538        17097        17710        20963        23465 
##  0.442873034  0.599034957  0.924713613  1.085437802  0.194601446  0.298448116 
##        26840        29135        29256        29485        31275        33020 
##  0.333487326  0.483674794  0.081547445  0.885119305  0.093522528  1.223202584 
##        34606        35443        35975        37411        37656        39068 
##  1.088899015  1.400373634  0.263888020  1.218244201  0.973510342  1.032862451 
##        42257        43185        44171        44259        53376        56068 
##  1.253180437  0.849258265  0.731350944  0.457950093  0.339891996  0.338009579 
##        57291        57410        57806        63412        65813        67316 
##  0.988158711  0.362011337  0.224537366  1.038088977  0.667124780  0.086490326 
##        67406        67995        69010        69118        70175        70357 
##  0.326279598  1.058205380  0.036204089  0.362464120  0.319071322  0.899256049 
##        71802        74284        74286        74933        77281        77674 
##  0.374725838  1.216174371  0.437584862  0.042586384 -0.003389938  0.966342849 
##        80810        81744        97084        98208       100494       100579 
##  0.980503831  0.806771636  0.497982915 -0.022277903  0.371210515  1.107609251

###SVM Confusion Matrix

# Making the Confusion Matrix
cm = table(df.test2[, 1],
           y_pred)

cm
##    y_pred
##      0  1
##   0 11 14
##   1  5 30
confusionMatrix(df.test2$readmitted,
                y_pred)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##           Reference
## Prediction  0  1
##          0 11 14
##          1  5 30
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.6833          
##                  95% CI : (0.5504, 0.7974)
##     No Information Rate : 0.7333          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.84653         
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.3133          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.06646         
##                                           
##             Sensitivity : 0.6875          
##             Specificity : 0.6818          
##          Pos Pred Value : 0.4400          
##          Neg Pred Value : 0.8571          
##              Prevalence : 0.2667          
##          Detection Rate : 0.1833          
##    Detection Prevalence : 0.4167          
##       Balanced Accuracy : 0.6847          
##                                           
##        'Positive' Class : 0               
## 

SVM confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.6833 * Kappa: 0.3133

Decision Tree

Tree

tree = rpart(formula = readmitted ~ .,
             method = "class",
             data = df.train2)

Tree Prediction

#Predicting the Test Set Results
y_pred = predict(tree,
                 newdata = df.test2)

head(y_pred)
##              0         1
## 193  0.7424242 0.2575758
## 772  0.1666667 0.8333333
## 824  0.7777778 0.2222222
## 1756 0.7424242 0.2575758
## 2080 0.7424242 0.2575758
## 4967 0.1600000 0.8400000

Converting the results into binary (0, 1)

y_pred_class = ifelse(y_pred[, "0"] >= 0.5,
                      0, 1)

Tree Confusion Matrix

# Making the Confusion Matrix
cm = table(df.test2$readmitted,
           y_pred_class)

cm
##    y_pred_class
##      0  1
##   0 18  7
##   1 11 24
y_pred_class <- as.factor(y_pred_class)

confusionMatrix(df.test2$readmitted,
                y_pred_class)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##           Reference
## Prediction  0  1
##          0 18  7
##          1 11 24
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.7             
##                  95% CI : (0.5679, 0.8115)
##     No Information Rate : 0.5167          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.003002        
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.3966          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.479500        
##                                           
##             Sensitivity : 0.6207          
##             Specificity : 0.7742          
##          Pos Pred Value : 0.7200          
##          Neg Pred Value : 0.6857          
##              Prevalence : 0.4833          
##          Detection Rate : 0.3000          
##    Detection Prevalence : 0.4167          
##       Balanced Accuracy : 0.6974          
##                                           
##        'Positive' Class : 0               
## 

Tree confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.7 * Kappa: 0.3966

Tree ROC

result.roc = roc(df.test2$readmitted,
                 y_pred[ ,"0"])
## Setting levels: control = 0, case = 1
## Setting direction: controls > cases
result.roc
## 
## Call:
## roc.default(response = df.test2$readmitted, predictor = y_pred[,     "0"])
## 
## Data: y_pred[, "0"] in 25 controls (df.test2$readmitted 0) > 35 cases (df.test2$readmitted 1).
## Area under the curve: 0.6451
plot(result.roc)

Decision Trees

plot(tree,
     uniform=TRUE,
     main="Readmission Status")
text(tree,
     use.n=TRUE,
     all=TRUE)

prp(tree)

Clustering

Hierarchical Clustering

hc = hclust(d = dist(df.train2,
                     method = "euclidean"),
            method = "ward.D") #Variance within each cluster

plot(hc,
     main = "Dendrogram",
     xlab = "Patients",
     ylab = "Euclidean Distances")

y_hc = cutree(hc, 2)

head(y_hc)
##  163  461  594  697  962 1281 
##    1    2    2    2    2    2

Hierarchical Clustering Clusters

clusplot(df.train2,
         y_hc,
         lines = 0,
         shade = FALSE,
         color = TRUE,
         labels= 2,
         plotchar = FALSE,
         span = TRUE,
         main = 'Clusters of Patients')

Hierarchical Clustering Find K

fviz_nbclust(df.train2,
             hcut,
             method = "silhouette") +
  labs(subtitle = "Silhouette method")

fviz_nbclust(df.train2,
             hcut,
             nstart = 25, 
             method = "gap_stat", 
             nboot = 50) +
  labs(subtitle = "Gap statistic method")

Cross Validation

eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)

xgb Model 1

train_control <-trainControl(method = "cv",
                            number = 5)
model <- train(readmitted ~.,
               data = dataset4,
               method = "xgbTree",
               metric = "Accuracy",
               trControl = train_control)
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
model
## eXtreme Gradient Boosting 
## 
## 298 samples
##  17 predictor
##   2 classes: 'NO', 'YES' 
## 
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (5 fold) 
## Summary of sample sizes: 238, 239, 238, 239, 238 
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
## 
##   eta  max_depth  colsample_bytree  subsample  nrounds  Accuracy   Kappa     
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50        50      0.6475706  0.25532683
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50       100      0.6038418  0.16603663
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50       150      0.6072881  0.17508089
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75        50      0.6341243  0.22315841
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75       100      0.6273446  0.22134213
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75       150      0.6006215  0.16066684
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00        50      0.6138983  0.17415340
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00       100      0.6140113  0.18153665
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00       150      0.6174011  0.19164135
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50        50      0.6205085  0.19672554
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50       100      0.6305650  0.22503213
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50       150      0.6173446  0.19910030
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75        50      0.6240678  0.20204656
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75       100      0.6172881  0.19583111
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75       150      0.6240678  0.21237731
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00        50      0.6173446  0.17999295
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00       100      0.6241243  0.20363939
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00       150      0.6073446  0.16251468
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50        50      0.6007345  0.16358822
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50       100      0.6039548  0.16026228
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50       150      0.6009605  0.15740874
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75        50      0.6138418  0.18001863
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75       100      0.6308475  0.22927272
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75       150      0.5938983  0.14831163
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00        50      0.5938418  0.14224792
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00       100      0.5938983  0.14529120
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00       150      0.5905650  0.14102166
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50        50      0.6275141  0.21889005
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50       100      0.5939548  0.15202908
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50       150      0.6140678  0.19859682
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75        50      0.6141808  0.19432554
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75       100      0.5975141  0.15639563
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75       150      0.6109605  0.17198362
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00        50      0.6072316  0.18035656
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00       100      0.5938983  0.14899868
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00       150      0.5873446  0.13952514
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50        50      0.5871186  0.13018726
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50       100      0.5871186  0.12466913
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50       150      0.5705085  0.09245081
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75        50      0.5971751  0.15271971
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75       100      0.6042938  0.17563291
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75       150      0.5908475  0.14638176
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00        50      0.5771186  0.11829509
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00       100      0.5873446  0.13927019
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00       150      0.5974576  0.16201278
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50        50      0.5940113  0.15319151
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50       100      0.5837288  0.13012802
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50       150      0.5738983  0.10641646
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75        50      0.5905650  0.14497043
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75       100      0.5875706  0.13134684
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75       150      0.5674576  0.09022738
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00        50      0.6207910  0.20512482
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00       100      0.6109040  0.19070499
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00       150      0.5807910  0.12740425
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50        50      0.6372316  0.24287171
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50       100      0.6339548  0.24338124
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50       150      0.6372881  0.24078767
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75        50      0.6171751  0.18379202
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75       100      0.6172881  0.19286129
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75       150      0.6174011  0.20221620
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00        50      0.6206780  0.19240670
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00       100      0.6207345  0.19531871
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00       150      0.6240678  0.20118734
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50        50      0.6339548  0.22644507
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50       100      0.6272881  0.21676128
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50       150      0.6040113  0.17031767
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75        50      0.6171186  0.19023901
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75       100      0.6442373  0.25486144
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75       150      0.6140678  0.18533357
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00        50      0.6272881  0.20523912
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00       100      0.6106780  0.17327705
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00       150      0.6107345  0.17532897
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50        50      0.5603955  0.08779509
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50       100      0.5770621  0.11027989
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50       150      0.5603955  0.08000149
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75        50      0.6041243  0.17254690
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75       100      0.5905085  0.14000293
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75       150      0.5673446  0.09857502
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00        50      0.5970621  0.15037269
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00       100      0.6106780  0.18700698
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00       150      0.6207910  0.21174128
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50        50      0.5705085  0.09181497
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50       100      0.5838418  0.13685037
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50       150      0.5906780  0.14793794
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75        50      0.6109040  0.18346321
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75       100      0.6009040  0.16482691
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75       150      0.5775141  0.11554696
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00        50      0.5937853  0.15005371
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00       100      0.5906215  0.14600686
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00       150      0.6141808  0.19614516
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50        50      0.6008475  0.15637591
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50       100      0.5941808  0.15291877
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50       150      0.6009605  0.15990155
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75        50      0.5975706  0.14462709
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75       100      0.5976271  0.14885935
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75       150      0.6011864  0.16250064
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00        50      0.5907910  0.13708365
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00       100      0.6177401  0.19331688
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00       150      0.6142938  0.19121501
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50        50      0.6038983  0.17137422
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50       100      0.6040678  0.16824333
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50       150      0.5905085  0.14706220
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75        50      0.6172881  0.19294566
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75       100      0.5873446  0.12980843
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75       150      0.5839548  0.12753022
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00        50      0.6038983  0.16770320
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00       100      0.5870621  0.13716243
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00       150      0.5839548  0.13026511
## 
## Tuning parameter 'gamma' was held constant at a value of 0
## Tuning
##  parameter 'min_child_weight' was held constant at a value of 1
## Accuracy was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final values used for the model were nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta
##  = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1 and subsample
##  = 0.5.

nrounds refers to the number of decision trees in the final model.

As Accuracy was used to select the optimal model using the largest value, the final value used for the model was nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1, and subsample = 0.5; Accuracy = 0.6475706 and Kappa = 0.25532683.

xgb Model 2

train_control <- trainControl(method = "cv",
                              number = 5,
                              classProbs = TRUE,
                              summaryFunction=twoClassSummary)
model <- train(readmitted ~., data = dataset4, 
               method = "xgbTree",
               metric="ROC",
               trControl = train_control)
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
model
## eXtreme Gradient Boosting 
## 
## 298 samples
##  17 predictor
##   2 classes: 'NO', 'YES' 
## 
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (5 fold) 
## Summary of sample sizes: 238, 238, 238, 239, 239 
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
## 
##   eta  max_depth  colsample_bytree  subsample  nrounds  ROC        Sens     
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50        50      0.6502476  0.4636667
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50       100      0.6598571  0.5123333
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50       150      0.6446762  0.5050000
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75        50      0.6847143  0.4976667
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75       100      0.6540095  0.4713333
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75       150      0.6444095  0.4956667
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00        50      0.6748524  0.4806667
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00       100      0.6676952  0.4880000
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00       150      0.6584190  0.4710000
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50        50      0.6564381  0.4646667
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50       100      0.6397048  0.4880000
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50       150      0.6496571  0.4883333
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75        50      0.6651143  0.4810000
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75       100      0.6659905  0.4966667
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75       150      0.6351429  0.4796667
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00        50      0.6761048  0.4556667
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00       100      0.6688286  0.4800000
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00       150      0.6576476  0.4630000
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50        50      0.6558190  0.5283333
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50       100      0.6370286  0.5120000
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50       150      0.6117905  0.4956667
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75        50      0.6448762  0.5123333
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75       100      0.6279429  0.5120000
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75       150      0.6105333  0.4713333
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00        50      0.6527810  0.4796667
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00       100      0.6245905  0.4463333
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00       150      0.6173714  0.4546667
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50        50      0.6026952  0.4306667
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50       100      0.6078190  0.4380000
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50       150      0.6219619  0.4703333
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75        50      0.6233333  0.4293333
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75       100      0.6215524  0.4793333
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75       150      0.6075429  0.4543333
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00        50      0.6310190  0.4866667
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00       100      0.6152762  0.4710000
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00       150      0.6082381  0.4706667
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50        50      0.6237714  0.4796667
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50       100      0.6288857  0.5120000
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50       150      0.6374190  0.5033333
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75        50      0.6310952  0.4716667
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75       100      0.6205143  0.4546667
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75       150      0.6212857  0.4876667
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00        50      0.6291333  0.4873333
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00       100      0.6238762  0.4543333
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00       150      0.6211238  0.4636667
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50        50      0.6224190  0.3660000
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50       100      0.6286952  0.4710000
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50       150      0.6221333  0.4543333
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75        50      0.6081238  0.4230000
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75       100      0.6015524  0.4060000
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75       150      0.5853429  0.4060000
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00        50      0.6291238  0.4640000
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00       100      0.6245524  0.4466667
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00       150      0.6143714  0.4630000
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50        50      0.6718952  0.5123333
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50       100      0.6497333  0.5366667
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50       150      0.6432952  0.5123333
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75        50      0.6579619  0.4873333
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75       100      0.6354286  0.5030000
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75       150      0.6331429  0.4796667
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00        50      0.6738190  0.4720000
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00       100      0.6640857  0.4873333
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00       150      0.6542190  0.4623333
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50        50      0.6641810  0.4223333
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50       100      0.6296762  0.4956667
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50       150      0.6505714  0.5280000
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75        50      0.6698762  0.4963333
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75       100      0.6460857  0.4550000
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75       150      0.6530000  0.4786667
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00        50      0.6723143  0.4636667
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00       100      0.6596857  0.4873333
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00       150      0.6522857  0.4630000
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50        50      0.6352286  0.4463333
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50       100      0.6080095  0.4460000
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50       150      0.6050476  0.4790000
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75        50      0.6028190  0.4640000
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75       100      0.5855143  0.4306667
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75       150      0.5878286  0.4140000
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00        50      0.6257810  0.4880000
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00       100      0.6245048  0.4800000
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00       150      0.6096952  0.4630000
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50        50      0.6105524  0.5040000
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50       100      0.5890762  0.4463333
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50       150      0.5699810  0.4620000
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75        50      0.6161429  0.4383333
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75       100      0.5957524  0.4226667
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75       150      0.5912000  0.4796667
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00        50      0.6305810  0.5206667
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00       100      0.6138476  0.4880000
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00       150      0.6120286  0.4710000
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50        50      0.6078571  0.4383333
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50       100      0.6064286  0.4386667
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50       150      0.6019619  0.4546667
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75        50      0.6364000  0.4466667
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75       100      0.6154857  0.4873333
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75       150      0.6020857  0.4543333
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00        50      0.6218857  0.4880000
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00       100      0.6176476  0.4800000
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00       150      0.6229143  0.4716667
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50        50      0.6416286  0.4716667
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50       100      0.6447429  0.4956667
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50       150      0.6509143  0.5120000
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75        50      0.5782667  0.4556667
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75       100      0.5878762  0.4306667
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75       150      0.5888095  0.4386667
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00        50      0.6386095  0.4630000
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00       100      0.6208000  0.4466667
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00       150      0.6146952  0.4543333
##   Spec     
##   0.7028571
##   0.6571429
##   0.6571429
##   0.7371429
##   0.7200000
##   0.7028571
##   0.7428571
##   0.7428571
##   0.7314286
##   0.7142857
##   0.7085714
##   0.7142857
##   0.7428571
##   0.7257143
##   0.6971429
##   0.7600000
##   0.7428571
##   0.7314286
##   0.6800000
##   0.6914286
##   0.6800000
##   0.6914286
##   0.6800000
##   0.6685714
##   0.6857143
##   0.6800000
##   0.6685714
##   0.7142857
##   0.6800000
##   0.6571429
##   0.6914286
##   0.6857143
##   0.6857143
##   0.6800000
##   0.6457143
##   0.6571429
##   0.7142857
##   0.6800000
##   0.7085714
##   0.6800000
##   0.7200000
##   0.6857143
##   0.6914286
##   0.6685714
##   0.6914286
##   0.6914286
##   0.7028571
##   0.7028571
##   0.6800000
##   0.6571429
##   0.6285714
##   0.6971429
##   0.6857143
##   0.6857143
##   0.7314286
##   0.6685714
##   0.6628571
##   0.7200000
##   0.6971429
##   0.6857143
##   0.7485714
##   0.7371429
##   0.7257143
##   0.7371429
##   0.6685714
##   0.6857143
##   0.7085714
##   0.6914286
##   0.7200000
##   0.7371429
##   0.7257143
##   0.7085714
##   0.7485714
##   0.6400000
##   0.6400000
##   0.6857143
##   0.6285714
##   0.6285714
##   0.6800000
##   0.6800000
##   0.6571429
##   0.6114286
##   0.6628571
##   0.6342857
##   0.6571429
##   0.6800000
##   0.6571429
##   0.6514286
##   0.6628571
##   0.6571429
##   0.6800000
##   0.6571429
##   0.6685714
##   0.7257143
##   0.6742857
##   0.6628571
##   0.6742857
##   0.6857143
##   0.6914286
##   0.6742857
##   0.7200000
##   0.7085714
##   0.6685714
##   0.6685714
##   0.6685714
##   0.6628571
##   0.6742857
##   0.6914286
## 
## Tuning parameter 'gamma' was held constant at a value of 0
## Tuning
##  parameter 'min_child_weight' was held constant at a value of 1
## ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final values used for the model were nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta
##  = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1 and subsample
##  = 0.75.

nrounds refers to the number of decision trees in the final model.

In an ROC curve, a higher X-axis value indicates a higher number of False positives than True negatives, while a higher Y-axis values indicated a higher number of True positives than False negatives. This can be used to determine a desirable cut-off value with a high true positive rate and low false positive rate.

As ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value, the final value used for the model was nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1, and subsample = 0.75; ROC = 0.6847143.

Random Forest

train_control <- trainControl(method = "cv",
                              number = 5,
                              classProbs = TRUE,
                              summaryFunction=twoClassSummary)
model <- train(readmitted ~., data = dataset4, 
               method = "rf",
               metric="ROC",
               trControl = train_control)
model
## Random Forest 
## 
## 298 samples
##  17 predictor
##   2 classes: 'NO', 'YES' 
## 
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (5 fold) 
## Summary of sample sizes: 239, 239, 238, 238, 238 
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
## 
##   mtry  ROC        Sens       Spec     
##    2    0.6717905  0.3973333  0.7314286
##    9    0.6499381  0.4470000  0.7371429
##   17    0.6394048  0.4540000  0.7257143
## 
## ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final value used for the model was mtry = 2.

mtry refers to the number of variables randomly sampled as candidates at each split.

In an ROC curve, a higher X-axis value indicates a higher number of False positives than True negatives, while a higher Y-axis values indicated a higher number of True positives than False negatives. This can be used to determine a desirable cut-off value with a high true positive rate and low false positive rate.

As ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value, the final value used for the model was mtry = 2. Here, ROC = 0.6717905.


Model Results & Analysis

I compared the Accuracy and Kappa values of each model, provided by the Confusion Matrices, to determine the effectiveness of the models I have built.

The Logistic Regression model returned the lowest Accuracy and Kappa results (0.6 and 0.1955, respectively). My first XgBoost model returned an Accuracy = 0.6475706 and Kappa = 0.25532683, which shows that it is more effective than the Logistic Regression Model, yet with lower results than other models built. While the Random Forest model with cross validation did not return Accuracy or Kappa values, the ROC of Random Forest (ROC = 0.6717905) is lower than that of my second XgBoost model (ROC = 0.6847143), leading me to believe that the Random Forest Model is not as effective as the second XgBoost model. K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine returned similar Accuracy (K-NN = 0.683, SVM = 0.6833) and Kappa (K-NN & SVM = 0.3133) results. As Decision Tree returned the highest values (Accuracy = 0.7, Kappa = 0.3966), I can assume that this model is the most effective in determining a patient’s readmission status based on the features I have utilized in model building.