Diabetic_Readmission
Tiffany Chua
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## ## Amelia II: Multiple Imputation
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## ## Copyright (C) 2005-2022 James Honaker, Gary King and Matthew Blackwell
## ## Refer to http://gking.harvard.edu/amelia/ for more information
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## between, first, lastlibrary(DT)Diabetes Readmission Project
Dataset Information: The dataset represents 10 years (1999-2008) of clinical care at 130 US hospitals and integrated delivery networks. It includes over 50 features representing patient and hospital outcomes. Information was extracted from the database for encounters that satisfied the following criteria.
- It is an inpatient encounter (a hospital admission).
- It is a diabetic encounter, that is, one during which any kind of diabetes was entered to the system as a diagnosis.
- The length of stay was at least 1 day and at most 14 days.
- Laboratory tests were performed during the encounter.
- Medications were administered during the encounter.
The data contains such attributes as patient number, race, gender, age, admission type, time in hospital, medical specialty of admitting physician, number of lab test performed, HbA1c test result, diagnosis, number of medication, diabetic medications, number of outpatient, inpatient, and emergency visits in the year before the hospitalization, etc.
As the dataset has unusual characters (?) in place of NAs, I will change the string to NA upon loading the dataset.
dataset <- read.csv("./diabetic_data.csv",
na.string = "?",
header = T)
head(dataset)## encounter_id patient_nbr race gender age weight
## 1 2278392 8222157 Caucasian Female [0-10) <NA>
## 2 149190 55629189 Caucasian Female [10-20) <NA>
## 3 64410 86047875 AfricanAmerican Female [20-30) <NA>
## 4 500364 82442376 Caucasian Male [30-40) <NA>
## 5 16680 42519267 Caucasian Male [40-50) <NA>
## 6 35754 82637451 Caucasian Male [50-60) <NA>
## admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id
## 1 6 25 1
## 2 1 1 7
## 3 1 1 7
## 4 1 1 7
## 5 1 1 7
## 6 2 1 2
## time_in_hospital payer_code medical_specialty num_lab_procedures
## 1 1 <NA> Pediatrics-Endocrinology 41
## 2 3 <NA> <NA> 59
## 3 2 <NA> <NA> 11
## 4 2 <NA> <NA> 44
## 5 1 <NA> <NA> 51
## 6 3 <NA> <NA> 31
## num_procedures num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
## 1 0 1 0 0
## 2 0 18 0 0
## 3 5 13 2 0
## 4 1 16 0 0
## 5 0 8 0 0
## 6 6 16 0 0
## number_inpatient diag_1 diag_2 diag_3 number_diagnoses max_glu_serum
## 1 0 250.83 <NA> <NA> 1 None
## 2 0 276 250.01 255 9 None
## 3 1 648 250 V27 6 None
## 4 0 8 250.43 403 7 None
## 5 0 197 157 250 5 None
## 6 0 414 411 250 9 None
## A1Cresult metformin repaglinide nateglinide chlorpropamide glimepiride
## 1 None No No No No No
## 2 None No No No No No
## 3 None No No No No No
## 4 None No No No No No
## 5 None No No No No No
## 6 None No No No No No
## acetohexamide glipizide glyburide tolbutamide pioglitazone rosiglitazone
## 1 No No No No No No
## 2 No No No No No No
## 3 No Steady No No No No
## 4 No No No No No No
## 5 No Steady No No No No
## 6 No No No No No No
## acarbose miglitol troglitazone tolazamide examide citoglipton insulin
## 1 No No No No No No No
## 2 No No No No No No Up
## 3 No No No No No No No
## 4 No No No No No No Up
## 5 No No No No No No Steady
## 6 No No No No No No Steady
## glyburide.metformin glipizide.metformin glimepiride.pioglitazone
## 1 No No No
## 2 No No No
## 3 No No No
## 4 No No No
## 5 No No No
## 6 No No No
## metformin.rosiglitazone metformin.pioglitazone change diabetesMed readmitted
## 1 No No No No NO
## 2 No No Ch Yes >30
## 3 No No No Yes NO
## 4 No No Ch Yes NO
## 5 No No Ch Yes NO
## 6 No No No Yes >30ID Mapping
Categorical/factor variables:
- admission_type_id
- Emergency
- Urgent
- Elective
- Newborn
- Not available –> NA
- NULL –> NA
- Trauma Center
- Not Mapped –> NA
- discharge_disposition_id
- Discharged to home
- Discharged/transferred to another short term hospital
- Discharged/transferred to SNF
- Discharged/transferred to ICF
- Discharged/transferred to another type of inpatient care institution
- Discharged/transferred to home with home health service
- Left AMA
- Discharged/transferred to home under care of Home IV provider
- Admitted as an inpatient to this hospital
- Neonate discharged to another hospital for neonatal aftercare
- Expired
- Still patient or expected to return for outpatient services
- Hospice/Home
- Hospice/Medical facility
- Discharged/transferred within this institution to Medicare approved swing bed
- Discharged/transferred/referred another institution for outpatient services
- Discharged/transferred/referred to this institution for outpatient services
- NULL
- Expired at home. Medicaid only, hospice
- Expired in a medical facility. Medicaid only, hospice.
- Expired, place unknown. Medicaid only, hospice.
- Discharged/transferred to another rehab fac including rehab units of a hospital .
- Discharged/transferred to a long term care hospital.
- Discharged/transferred to a nursing facility certified under Medicaid but not certified under Medicare.
- Not Mapped
- Unknown/Invalid
- Discharged/transferred to a federal health care facility.
- Discharged/transferred/referred to a psychiatric hospital of psychiatric distinct part unit of a hospital
- Discharged/transferred to a Critical Access Hospital (CAH).
- Discharged/transferred to another Type of Health Care Institution not Defined Elsewhere
- admission_source_id
- Physician Referral
- Clinic Referral
- HMO Referral
- Transfer from a hospital
- Transfer from a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF)
- Transfer from another health care facility
- Emergency Room
- Court/Law Enforcement
- Not Available
- Transfer from critial access hospital
- Normal Delivery
- Premature Delivery
- Sick Baby
- Extramural Birth
- Not Available
- NULL
- Transfer From Another Home Health Agency
- Readmission to Same Home Health Agency
- Not Mapped
- Unknown/Invalid
- Transfer from hospital inpt/same fac reslt in a sep claim
- Born inside this hospital
- Born outside this hospital
- Transfer from Ambulatory Surgery Center
- Transfer from Hospice
Other column notes:
- Columns to remove:
- $encounter_id
- $patient_nbr
- $payer_code
- $medical_specialty (maybe?)
Initial Read
ncol(dataset)## [1] 50nrow(dataset)## [1] 101766str(dataset)## 'data.frame': 101766 obs. of 50 variables:
## $ encounter_id : int 2278392 149190 64410 500364 16680 35754 55842 63768 12522 15738 ...
## $ patient_nbr : int 8222157 55629189 86047875 82442376 42519267 82637451 84259809 114882984 48330783 63555939 ...
## $ race : chr "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
## $ gender : chr "Female" "Female" "Female" "Male" ...
## $ age : chr "[0-10)" "[10-20)" "[20-30)" "[30-40)" ...
## $ weight : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ admission_type_id : int 6 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: int 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ...
## $ admission_source_id : int 1 7 7 7 7 2 2 7 4 4 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 1 3 2 2 1 3 4 5 13 12 ...
## $ payer_code : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ medical_specialty : chr "Pediatrics-Endocrinology" NA NA NA ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 41 59 11 44 51 31 70 73 68 33 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 0 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 2 3 ...
## $ num_medications : int 1 18 13 16 8 16 21 12 28 18 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_1 : chr "250.83" "276" "648" "8" ...
## $ diag_2 : chr NA "250.01" "250" "250.43" ...
## $ diag_3 : chr NA "255" "V27" "403" ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 1 9 6 7 5 9 7 8 8 8 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
## $ metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ repaglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ nateglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ chlorpropamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acetohexamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide : chr "No" "No" "Steady" "No" ...
## $ glyburide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolbutamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acarbose : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ miglitol : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ troglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolazamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ examide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ citoglipton : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ insulin : chr "No" "Up" "No" "Up" ...
## $ glyburide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ change : chr "No" "Ch" "No" "Ch" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "NO" ">30" "NO" "NO" ...Because encounter_id and patient_nbr do not provide new information, I will remove these two columns.
#Because encounter_id and patient_nbr do not provide new information, I will remove these two columns.
dataset1 <- select(dataset,
-encounter_id)
dataset1 <- select(dataset1,
-patient_nbr)
str(dataset1)## 'data.frame': 101766 obs. of 48 variables:
## $ race : chr "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
## $ gender : chr "Female" "Female" "Female" "Male" ...
## $ age : chr "[0-10)" "[10-20)" "[20-30)" "[30-40)" ...
## $ weight : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ admission_type_id : int 6 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: int 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ...
## $ admission_source_id : int 1 7 7 7 7 2 2 7 4 4 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 1 3 2 2 1 3 4 5 13 12 ...
## $ payer_code : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ medical_specialty : chr "Pediatrics-Endocrinology" NA NA NA ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 41 59 11 44 51 31 70 73 68 33 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 0 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 2 3 ...
## $ num_medications : int 1 18 13 16 8 16 21 12 28 18 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_1 : chr "250.83" "276" "648" "8" ...
## $ diag_2 : chr NA "250.01" "250" "250.43" ...
## $ diag_3 : chr NA "255" "V27" "403" ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 1 9 6 7 5 9 7 8 8 8 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "None" "None" "None" "None" ...
## $ metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ repaglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ nateglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ chlorpropamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acetohexamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide : chr "No" "No" "Steady" "No" ...
## $ glyburide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolbutamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acarbose : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ miglitol : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ troglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolazamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ examide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ citoglipton : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ insulin : chr "No" "Up" "No" "Up" ...
## $ glyburide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ change : chr "No" "Ch" "No" "Ch" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "NO" ">30" "NO" "NO" ...Filtering Dataset
Using max_glu_serum and A1Cresult, I will try to filter the dataset to reduce the number of rows based on the variables with relevant information.
table(dataset1$max_glu_serum)##
## >200 >300 None Norm
## 1485 1264 96420 2597table(dataset1$A1Cresult)##
## >7 >8 None Norm
## 3812 8216 84748 4990dataset1 <- dataset1[!dataset1$max_glu_serum == "None", ]
dataset1 <- dataset1[!dataset1$A1Cresult == "None", ]
nrow(dataset1)## [1] 298table(dataset1$max_glu_serum)##
## >200 >300 Norm
## 71 129 98table(dataset1$A1Cresult)##
## >7 >8 Norm
## 63 177 58NA Variables
Unknown/Missing Count
sum(dataset1 == "Unknown/Invalid")## [1] NAsum(dataset1$gender == "Unknown/Invalid")## [1] 0dataset2 <- dataset1
# Other Unknown/Missing Variables:
# $gender == 3
#Turn strange (Unknown/Invalid) values into NA
dataset2$gender[dataset1$gender == "Unknown/Invalid"] = NA
sum(is.na(dataset2))## [1] 702sapply(dataset2,
function(x) sum(is.na(x)))## race gender age
## 6 0 0
## weight admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id
## 298 0 0
## admission_source_id time_in_hospital payer_code
## 0 0 240
## medical_specialty num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 154 0 0
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
## 0 0 0
## number_inpatient diag_1 diag_2
## 0 0 1
## diag_3 number_diagnoses max_glu_serum
## 3 0 0
## A1Cresult metformin repaglinide
## 0 0 0
## nateglinide chlorpropamide glimepiride
## 0 0 0
## acetohexamide glipizide glyburide
## 0 0 0
## tolbutamide pioglitazone rosiglitazone
## 0 0 0
## acarbose miglitol troglitazone
## 0 0 0
## tolazamide examide citoglipton
## 0 0 0
## insulin glyburide.metformin glipizide.metformin
## 0 0 0
## glimepiride.pioglitazone metformin.rosiglitazone metformin.pioglitazone
## 0 0 0
## change diabetesMed readmitted
## 0 0 0missmap(dataset2)
#NA Count:
# race: 2273
# gender: 3
# weight: 98569
# payer_code: 40256
# medical_specialty: 49949
# diag_1: 21
# diag_2: 358
# diag_3: 1423str(dataset2)## 'data.frame': 298 obs. of 48 variables:
## $ race : chr "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
## $ gender : chr "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
## $ age : chr "[80-90)" "[40-50)" "[70-80)" "[50-60)" ...
## $ weight : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ admission_type_id : int 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: int 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ admission_source_id : int 7 7 7 7 7 2 7 7 7 7 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
## $ payer_code : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ medical_specialty : chr NA NA NA NA ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
## $ num_medications : int 6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_1 : chr "332" "250.02" "250.02" "276" ...
## $ diag_2 : chr "294" "401" "276" "780" ...
## $ diag_3 : chr "425" NA "294" "250.03" ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
## $ metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ repaglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ nateglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ chlorpropamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acetohexamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide : chr "No" "No" "Up" "No" ...
## $ glyburide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolbutamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acarbose : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ miglitol : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ troglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolazamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ examide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ citoglipton : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ insulin : chr "No" "No" "Up" "Steady" ...
## $ glyburide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ change : chr "No" "No" "Ch" "No" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "<30" ">30" ">30" "NO" ...summary(dataset2)## race gender age weight
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id
## Min. :1.000 Min. : 1.000 Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.: 1.000 1st Qu.:7.000
## Median :6.000 Median : 1.000 Median :7.000
## Mean :5.054 Mean : 2.174 Mean :6.503
## 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.: 3.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
## Max. :6.000 Max. :13.000 Max. :7.000
## time_in_hospital payer_code medical_specialty num_lab_procedures
## Min. : 1.000 Length:298 Length:298 Min. : 31.00
## 1st Qu.: 3.000 Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.: 54.00
## Median : 5.000 Mode :character Mode :character Median : 63.50
## Mean : 5.416 Mean : 64.27
## 3rd Qu.: 7.000 3rd Qu.: 74.00
## Max. :14.000 Max. :106.00
## num_procedures num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
## Min. :0.0000 Min. : 1.00 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 9.00 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.0000 Median :13.50 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.8423 Mean :14.51 Mean :0.1544 Mean :0.1678
## 3rd Qu.:1.7500 3rd Qu.:19.00 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :6.0000 Max. :35.00 Max. :6.0000 Max. :9.0000
## number_inpatient diag_1 diag_2 diag_3
## Min. :0.0000 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Median :0.0000 Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
## Mean :0.6577
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :9.0000
## number_diagnoses max_glu_serum A1Cresult metformin
## Min. :1.000 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## 1st Qu.:5.000 Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Median :6.000 Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
## Mean :5.913
## 3rd Qu.:6.000
## Max. :9.000
## repaglinide nateglinide chlorpropamide glimepiride
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## acetohexamide glipizide glyburide tolbutamide
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## pioglitazone rosiglitazone acarbose miglitol
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## troglitazone tolazamide examide citoglipton
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## insulin glyburide.metformin glipizide.metformin
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## glimepiride.pioglitazone metformin.rosiglitazone metformin.pioglitazone
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## change diabetesMed readmitted
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298
## Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
## Cleaning
Due to the large number of NA’s in the weight column, I will check to see what percentage of rows are missing in this column.
#Difference in number of rows and NA variables in dataset2$weight
nrow(dataset2) - sum(is.na(dataset2$weight))## [1] 0#Percentage of missing variables in dataset2$weight
sum(is.na(dataset2$weight)) / nrow(dataset2)## [1] 1#Because weight is missing 96.86% of the rows, I will remove this column.
dataset2 <- select(dataset2,
-weight)
#payer_code does not provide much useful information, so I will remove this column.
dataset2 <- select(dataset2,
-payer_code)
dataset2 <- select(dataset2,
-medical_specialty)
str(dataset2)## 'data.frame': 298 obs. of 45 variables:
## $ race : chr "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
## $ gender : chr "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
## $ age : chr "[80-90)" "[40-50)" "[70-80)" "[50-60)" ...
## $ admission_type_id : int 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: int 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ admission_source_id : int 7 7 7 7 7 2 7 7 7 7 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
## $ num_medications : int 6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_1 : chr "332" "250.02" "250.02" "276" ...
## $ diag_2 : chr "294" "401" "276" "780" ...
## $ diag_3 : chr "425" NA "294" "250.03" ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
## $ metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ repaglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ nateglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ chlorpropamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acetohexamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide : chr "No" "No" "Up" "No" ...
## $ glyburide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolbutamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acarbose : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ miglitol : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ troglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolazamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ examide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ citoglipton : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ insulin : chr "No" "No" "Up" "Steady" ...
## $ glyburide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ change : chr "No" "No" "Ch" "No" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "<30" ">30" ">30" "NO" ...myData_d <- dataset2
myData_d$diag_circ <- 0
myData_d$diag_resp <- 0
myData_d$diag_dig <- 0
myData_d$diag_diab <- 0
myData_d$diag_inj <- 0
myData_d$diag_musc <-0
myData_d$diag_geni <- 0
myData_d$diag_neop <-0
myData_d$diag_other <- 0
myData_d$diag_circ[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "390" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "459" | as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "785")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "390" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "459" | as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "785")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "390" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "459" | as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "785")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Diabetes mellitus codes: 250.xx
myData_d$diag_diab[(as.character(myData_d$diag_1) > "249" & as.character(myData_d$diag_1) < "251")
| (as.character(myData_d$diag_2) > "249" & as.character(myData_d$diag_2) < "251")
| (as.character(myData_d$diag_3) > "249" & as.character(myData_d$diag_3) < "251")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Respiratory codes: 460-519, 786
myData_d$diag_resp[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "460" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "519" | as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "786")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "460" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "519" | as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "786")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "460" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "519" | as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "786")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Digestive codes: 520-579, 787
myData_d$diag_dig[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "520" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "579" | as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "787")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "520" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "579" | as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "787")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "520" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "579" | as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "787")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Injury codes: 800-999
myData_d$diag_inj[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "800" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "999")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "800" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "999")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "800" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "999")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Musculoskeletal codes: 710-739
myData_d$diag_musc[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "710" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "739")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "710" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "739")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "710" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "739")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Genitourinary codes: 580-629, 788
myData_d$diag_geni[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "580" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "629" | as.character( myData_d$diag_1 ) == "788")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "580" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "629" | as.character( myData_d$diag_2 ) == "788")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "580" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "629" | as.character( myData_d$diag_3 ) == "788")] <- 1
#creating diagnosis varible for Neoplasms codes: 140-239
myData_d$diag_neop[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "140" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "239")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "140" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "239")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "140" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "239")] <- 1
myData_d$diag_other[(as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "780") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "781")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "784") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "790" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "799")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "240" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "249") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "251" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "279")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "680" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "709") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) == "782")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "001" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "139") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "290" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "319")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "280" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "289") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "320" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "359")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "630" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "679") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "360" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "389")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_1) >= "740" & as.character( myData_d$diag_1) <= "759")
| (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_1), 'E'))
| (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_1), 'V'))
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "780") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "781")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "784") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "790" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "799")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "240" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "249") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "251" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "279")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "680" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "709") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) == "782")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "001" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "139") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "290" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "319")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "280" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "289") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "320" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "359")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "630" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "679") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "360" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "389")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_2) >= "740" & as.character( myData_d$diag_2) <= "759")
| (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_2), 'E'))
| (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_2), 'V'))
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "780") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "781")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "784") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "790" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "799")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "240" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "249") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "251" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "279")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "680" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "709") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) == "782")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "001" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "139") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "290" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "319")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "280" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "289") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "320" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "359")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "630" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "679") | (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "360" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "389")
| (as.character( myData_d$diag_3) >= "740" & as.character( myData_d$diag_3) <= "759")
| (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_3), 'E'))
| (startsWith(as.character( myData_d$diag_3), 'V'))] <- 1
dataset2 <- myData_dCategorical Variables
# Max glucose level
# A1C
# Discharge Disposition ID
# Admission Type ID
# Admission Source ID
class(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)## [1] "integer"class(dataset2$admission_type_id)## [1] "integer"class(dataset2$admission_source_id)## [1] "integer"dataset2$discharge_disposition_id <- as.factor(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)
dataset2$admission_type_id <- as.factor(dataset2$admission_type_id)
dataset2$admission_source_id <- as.factor(dataset2$admission_source_id)
str(dataset2)## 'data.frame': 298 obs. of 54 variables:
## $ race : chr "Caucasian" "Caucasian" "AfricanAmerican" "Caucasian" ...
## $ gender : chr "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
## $ age : chr "[80-90)" "[40-50)" "[70-80)" "[50-60)" ...
## $ admission_type_id : Factor w/ 4 levels "1","2","3","6": 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: Factor w/ 9 levels "1","2","3","5",..: 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ admission_source_id : Factor w/ 3 levels "1","2","7": 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
## $ num_medications : int 6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_1 : chr "332" "250.02" "250.02" "276" ...
## $ diag_2 : chr "294" "401" "276" "780" ...
## $ diag_3 : chr "425" NA "294" "250.03" ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
## $ metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ repaglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ nateglinide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ chlorpropamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acetohexamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide : chr "No" "No" "Up" "No" ...
## $ glyburide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolbutamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ acarbose : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ miglitol : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ troglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ tolazamide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ examide : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ citoglipton : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ insulin : chr "No" "No" "Up" "Steady" ...
## $ glyburide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glipizide.metformin : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ glimepiride.pioglitazone: chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.rosiglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ metformin.pioglitazone : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ change : chr "No" "No" "Ch" "No" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "<30" ">30" ">30" "NO" ...
## $ diag_circ : num 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
## $ diag_resp : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_dig : num 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_diab : num 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ...
## $ diag_inj : num 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
## $ diag_musc : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_geni : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_neop : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_other : num 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...Binary Classification
table(dataset2$readmitted)##
## <30 >30 NO
## 36 139 123#According to CMS rules, readmission >30 days is considered 'not readmitted', however I will simply classify whether or not the patient was readmitted into the hospital into "YES" and "NO" regardless of number of readmissions. This way, the data will provide more balanced columns for responses.
dataset2$readmitted[dataset2$readmitted == "<30" | dataset2$readmitted == ">30"]= "YES"
table(dataset2$readmitted)##
## NO YES
## 123 175colnames(dataset2)## [1] "race" "gender"
## [3] "age" "admission_type_id"
## [5] "discharge_disposition_id" "admission_source_id"
## [7] "time_in_hospital" "num_lab_procedures"
## [9] "num_procedures" "num_medications"
## [11] "number_outpatient" "number_emergency"
## [13] "number_inpatient" "diag_1"
## [15] "diag_2" "diag_3"
## [17] "number_diagnoses" "max_glu_serum"
## [19] "A1Cresult" "metformin"
## [21] "repaglinide" "nateglinide"
## [23] "chlorpropamide" "glimepiride"
## [25] "acetohexamide" "glipizide"
## [27] "glyburide" "tolbutamide"
## [29] "pioglitazone" "rosiglitazone"
## [31] "acarbose" "miglitol"
## [33] "troglitazone" "tolazamide"
## [35] "examide" "citoglipton"
## [37] "insulin" "glyburide.metformin"
## [39] "glipizide.metformin" "glimepiride.pioglitazone"
## [41] "metformin.rosiglitazone" "metformin.pioglitazone"
## [43] "change" "diabetesMed"
## [45] "readmitted" "diag_circ"
## [47] "diag_resp" "diag_dig"
## [49] "diag_diab" "diag_inj"
## [51] "diag_musc" "diag_geni"
## [53] "diag_neop" "diag_other"Prescriptions
table(dataset2$metformin)##
## Down No Steady Up
## 2 253 37 6table(dataset2$repaglinide)##
## No Steady Up
## 287 10 1table(dataset2$nateglinide)##
## No Steady
## 297 1table(dataset2$chlorpropamide)##
## No Steady
## 297 1table(dataset2$glimepiride)##
## No Steady Up
## 291 6 1table(dataset2$acetohexamide)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$glipizide)##
## Down No Steady Up
## 2 250 40 6table(dataset2$glyburide)##
## No Steady Up
## 283 14 1table(dataset2$tolbutamide)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$pioglitazone)##
## Down No Steady
## 1 284 13table(dataset2$rosiglitazone)##
## No Steady Up
## 288 8 2table(dataset2$acarbose)##
## No Steady Up
## 296 1 1table(dataset2$miglitol)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$troglitazone)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$tolazamide)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$examide)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$citoglipton)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$insulin)##
## Down No Steady Up
## 22 207 54 15table(dataset2$glyburide.metformin)##
## No Steady
## 297 1table(dataset2$glipizide.metformin)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$glimepiride.pioglitazone)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$metformin.rosiglitazone)##
## No
## 298table(dataset2$metformin.pioglitazone)##
## No
## 298As the following variables present as near-zero variance variables, they are thereby removed from the dataset.
dataset2 <- select(dataset2, -c("metformin", "repaglinide", "nateglinide", "chlorpropamide", "glimepiride", "acetohexamide", "glipizide", "glyburide", "tolbutamide", "pioglitazone", "rosiglitazone", "acarbose", "miglitol", "troglitazone", "tolazamide", "examide", "citoglipton", "insulin", "glyburide.metformin", "glipizide.metformin", "glimepiride.pioglitazone", "metformin.rosiglitazone", "metformin.pioglitazone", "change"))
head(dataset2)## race gender age admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id
## 163 Caucasian Male [80-90) 6 3
## 193 Caucasian Female [40-50) 6 1
## 461 AfricanAmerican Female [70-80) 6 1
## 594 Caucasian Female [50-60) 6 1
## 697 Other Male [70-80) 6 6
## 772 Caucasian Female [30-40) 6 1
## admission_source_id time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163 7 5 47 1
## 193 7 2 53 0
## 461 7 10 72 1
## 594 7 2 61 0
## 697 7 11 71 1
## 772 2 14 43 0
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient diag_1
## 163 6 0 0 0 332
## 193 4 0 0 0 250.02
## 461 19 0 0 0 250.02
## 594 5 0 0 0 276
## 697 20 0 0 0 820
## 772 11 0 0 0 296
## diag_2 diag_3 number_diagnoses max_glu_serum A1Cresult diabetesMed
## 163 294 425 5 >200 Norm No
## 193 401 <NA> 2 >300 >8 No
## 461 276 294 5 >300 >8 Yes
## 594 780 250.03 5 >300 >8 Yes
## 697 250.02 E885 5 >200 >7 Yes
## 772 250 564 3 Norm >7 No
## readmitted diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163 YES 1 0 0 0 0 0
## 193 YES 1 0 0 1 0 0
## 461 YES 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 594 NO 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 697 NO 0 0 0 1 1 0
## 772 YES 0 0 1 1 0 0
## diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## 163 0 0 1
## 193 0 0 0
## 461 0 0 1
## 594 0 0 1
## 697 0 0 1
## 772 0 0 1Patient Personal Information
dataset2$race <- as.factor(dataset2$race)
dataset2$gender <- as.factor(dataset2$gender)
class(dataset2$race)## [1] "factor"class(dataset2$gender)## [1] "factor"table(dataset2$race)##
## AfricanAmerican Asian Caucasian Hispanic Other
## 51 7 182 39 13table(dataset2$gender)##
## Female Male
## 173 125The age levels listed are in groups of 10 years. To keep the data balanced, these levels can be consolidated into 2 levels: ages 0-60 as YoungerThan60 and 60-100 as OlderThan60.
table(dataset2$age)##
## [10-20) [20-30) [30-40) [40-50) [50-60) [60-70) [70-80) [80-90)
## 4 6 17 40 66 62 61 42#YoungerThan60 Level
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[10-20)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[20-30)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[30-40)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[40-50)"] = "YoungerThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[50-60)"] = "YoungerThan60"
#OlderThan60Level
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[60-70)"] = "OlderThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[70-80)"] = "OlderThan60"
dataset2$age[dataset2$age == "[80-90)"] = "OlderThan60"
table(dataset2$age)##
## OlderThan60 YoungerThan60
## 165 133dataset2$age <- as.factor(dataset2$age)Discharge Disposition
To reduce the number of factors, we can change the “discharge_disposition_id” variable to a categorical variable with 2 factors - Discharged to Home & Other. The discharge disposition IDs that correspond to a home discharge are 1, 6, and 8, while the others correspond to a patient being discharged elsewhere.
discharge.fact <- unique(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)
discharge.lab <- ifelse(discharge.fact %in% c(1, 6, 8),
"Discharged to Home", "Other")
dataset2$discharge_disposition_id <- factor(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id,
levels = discharge.fact,
labels = discharge.lab)
str(dataset2$discharge_disposition_id)## Factor w/ 2 levels "Other","Discharged to Home": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...Exploratory Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
dataset3 <- select(dataset2, -c("diag_1", "diag_2", "diag_3"))stat.desc(dataset3)## race gender age admission_type_id discharge_disposition_id
## nbr.val NA NA NA NA NA
## nbr.null NA NA NA NA NA
## nbr.na NA NA NA NA NA
## min NA NA NA NA NA
## max NA NA NA NA NA
## range NA NA NA NA NA
## sum NA NA NA NA NA
## median NA NA NA NA NA
## mean NA NA NA NA NA
## SE.mean NA NA NA NA NA
## CI.mean NA NA NA NA NA
## var NA NA NA NA NA
## std.dev NA NA NA NA NA
## coef.var NA NA NA NA NA
## admission_source_id time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## nbr.val NA 298.0000000 2.980000e+02 298.00000000
## nbr.null NA 0.0000000 0.000000e+00 180.00000000
## nbr.na NA 0.0000000 0.000000e+00 0.00000000
## min NA 1.0000000 3.100000e+01 0.00000000
## max NA 14.0000000 1.060000e+02 6.00000000
## range NA 13.0000000 7.500000e+01 6.00000000
## sum NA 1614.0000000 1.915200e+04 251.00000000
## median NA 5.0000000 6.350000e+01 0.00000000
## mean NA 5.4161074 6.426846e+01 0.84228188
## SE.mean NA 0.1775608 8.344039e-01 0.07127228
## CI.mean NA 0.3494367 1.642093e+00 0.14026267
## var NA 9.3952952 2.074765e+02 1.51376178
## std.dev NA 3.0651746 1.440404e+01 1.23035027
## coef.var NA 0.5659368 2.241231e-01 1.46073458
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## nbr.val 298.0000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000
## nbr.null 0.0000000 275.00000000 281.00000000 204.00000000
## nbr.na 0.0000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## min 1.0000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## max 35.0000000 6.00000000 9.00000000 9.00000000
## range 34.0000000 6.00000000 9.00000000 9.00000000
## sum 4324.0000000 46.00000000 50.00000000 196.00000000
## median 13.5000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## mean 14.5100671 0.15436242 0.16778523 0.65771812
## SE.mean 0.4265136 0.03845762 0.05289302 0.07464067
## CI.mean 0.8393718 0.07568395 0.10409260 0.14689161
## var 54.2103360 0.44073848 0.83370619 1.66022643
## std.dev 7.3627669 0.66388138 0.91307513 1.28849774
## coef.var 0.5074247 4.30079674 5.44192776 1.95904248
## number_diagnoses max_glu_serum A1Cresult diabetesMed readmitted
## nbr.val 2.980000e+02 NA NA NA NA
## nbr.null 0.000000e+00 NA NA NA NA
## nbr.na 0.000000e+00 NA NA NA NA
## min 1.000000e+00 NA NA NA NA
## max 9.000000e+00 NA NA NA NA
## range 8.000000e+00 NA NA NA NA
## sum 1.762000e+03 NA NA NA NA
## median 6.000000e+00 NA NA NA NA
## mean 5.912752e+00 NA NA NA NA
## SE.mean 9.042789e-02 NA NA NA NA
## CI.mean 1.779606e-01 NA NA NA NA
## var 2.436807e+00 NA NA NA NA
## std.dev 1.561027e+00 NA NA NA NA
## coef.var 2.640103e-01 NA NA NA NA
## diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj
## nbr.val 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000
## nbr.null 140.00000000 206.00000000 260.00000000 109.00000000 277.00000000
## nbr.na 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## min 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## max 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000
## range 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000
## sum 158.00000000 92.00000000 38.00000000 189.00000000 21.00000000
## median 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
## mean 0.53020134 0.30872483 0.12751678 0.63422819 0.07046980
## SE.mean 0.02895997 0.02680606 0.01935459 0.02794793 0.01485098
## CI.mean 0.05699274 0.05275389 0.03808951 0.05500107 0.02922648
## var 0.24992656 0.21413238 0.11163085 0.23276388 0.06572436
## std.dev 0.49992655 0.46274440 0.33411203 0.48245609 0.25636762
## coef.var 0.94289945 1.49888945 2.62014172 0.76069796 3.63797864
## diag_musc diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## nbr.val 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000 298.00000000
## nbr.null 285.00000000 256.00000000 286.00000000 137.00000000
## nbr.na 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## min 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
## max 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000
## range 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000
## sum 13.00000000 42.00000000 12.00000000 161.00000000
## median 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
## mean 0.04362416 0.14093960 0.04026846 0.54026846
## SE.mean 0.01185222 0.02019064 0.01140720 0.02891870
## CI.mean 0.02332497 0.03973485 0.02244919 0.05691152
## var 0.04186157 0.12148329 0.03877703 0.24921474
## std.dev 0.20460100 0.34854453 0.19691885 0.49921412
## coef.var 4.69008443 2.47300643 4.89015135 0.92401124summary(dataset3)## race gender age admission_type_id
## AfricanAmerican: 51 Female:173 OlderThan60 :165 1: 52
## Asian : 7 Male :125 YoungerThan60:133 2: 4
## Caucasian :182 3: 2
## Hispanic : 39 6:240
## Other : 13
## NA's : 6
## discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id time_in_hospital
## Other : 74 1: 23 Min. : 1.000
## Discharged to Home:224 2: 2 1st Qu.: 3.000
## 7:273 Median : 5.000
## Mean : 5.416
## 3rd Qu.: 7.000
## Max. :14.000
## num_lab_procedures num_procedures num_medications number_outpatient
## Min. : 31.00 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 1.00 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 54.00 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 9.00 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median : 63.50 Median :0.0000 Median :13.50 Median :0.0000
## Mean : 64.27 Mean :0.8423 Mean :14.51 Mean :0.1544
## 3rd Qu.: 74.00 3rd Qu.:1.7500 3rd Qu.:19.00 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :106.00 Max. :6.0000 Max. :35.00 Max. :6.0000
## number_emergency number_inpatient number_diagnoses max_glu_serum
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :1.000 Length:298
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:5.000 Class :character
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :6.000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.1678 Mean :0.6577 Mean :5.913
## 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:6.000
## Max. :9.0000 Max. :9.0000 Max. :9.000
## A1Cresult diabetesMed readmitted diag_circ
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Min. :0.0000
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :1.0000
## Mean :0.5302
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000
## diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.00000
## Mean :0.3087 Mean :0.1275 Mean :0.6342 Mean :0.07047
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000
## diag_musc diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.00000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.00000 Median :1.0000
## Mean :0.04362 Mean :0.1409 Mean :0.04027 Mean :0.5403
## 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000str(dataset3)## 'data.frame': 298 obs. of 27 variables:
## $ race : Factor w/ 5 levels "AfricanAmerican",..: 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 ...
## $ gender : Factor w/ 2 levels "Female","Male": 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 ...
## $ age : Factor w/ 2 levels "OlderThan60",..: 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 ...
## $ admission_type_id : Factor w/ 4 levels "1","2","3","6": 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: Factor w/ 2 levels "Other","Discharged to Home": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ admission_source_id : Factor w/ 3 levels "1","2","7": 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
## $ num_medications : int 6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "YES" "YES" "YES" "NO" ...
## $ diag_circ : num 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
## $ diag_resp : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_dig : num 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_diab : num 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ...
## $ diag_inj : num 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
## $ diag_musc : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_geni : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_neop : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_other : num 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...Correlations
Numeric variable correlations
# diab_num <- diab1[1:8]
#
# M <- cor(diab_num,
# method = "pearson")
# M
# corrplot(M,
# method = "square")
# cor.plot(diab_num)
d_num <- dataset3[, c(7:14, 19:27)]
M <- cor(d_num,
method = "pearson")
round(M, 2)## time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## time_in_hospital 1.00 0.27 0.23
## num_lab_procedures 0.27 1.00 0.17
## num_procedures 0.23 0.17 1.00
## num_medications 0.44 0.33 0.29
## number_outpatient 0.01 0.08 0.08
## number_emergency -0.04 0.02 -0.08
## number_inpatient 0.08 -0.04 -0.03
## number_diagnoses 0.16 0.19 0.16
## diag_circ -0.06 0.01 0.08
## diag_resp -0.06 -0.04 -0.06
## diag_dig 0.07 0.06 0.11
## diag_diab 0.02 -0.06 -0.10
## diag_inj 0.02 0.05 0.07
## diag_musc 0.05 -0.09 -0.03
## diag_geni 0.04 0.17 -0.05
## diag_neop 0.03 0.03 0.17
## diag_other -0.01 -0.04 -0.13
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency
## time_in_hospital 0.44 0.01 -0.04
## num_lab_procedures 0.33 0.08 0.02
## num_procedures 0.29 0.08 -0.08
## num_medications 1.00 0.22 0.11
## number_outpatient 0.22 1.00 0.49
## number_emergency 0.11 0.49 1.00
## number_inpatient 0.24 0.24 0.50
## number_diagnoses 0.49 0.41 0.26
## diag_circ -0.03 -0.06 -0.08
## diag_resp 0.15 0.13 0.00
## diag_dig 0.05 -0.01 -0.05
## diag_diab -0.15 0.07 0.08
## diag_inj 0.15 0.02 -0.05
## diag_musc 0.01 -0.02 -0.04
## diag_geni -0.03 0.05 -0.02
## diag_neop -0.02 0.00 -0.02
## diag_other -0.07 -0.06 0.01
## number_inpatient number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp
## time_in_hospital 0.08 0.16 -0.06 -0.06
## num_lab_procedures -0.04 0.19 0.01 -0.04
## num_procedures -0.03 0.16 0.08 -0.06
## num_medications 0.24 0.49 -0.03 0.15
## number_outpatient 0.24 0.41 -0.06 0.13
## number_emergency 0.50 0.26 -0.08 0.00
## number_inpatient 1.00 0.26 -0.11 0.04
## number_diagnoses 0.26 1.00 -0.07 0.13
## diag_circ -0.11 -0.07 1.00 -0.04
## diag_resp 0.04 0.13 -0.04 1.00
## diag_dig 0.05 -0.04 -0.14 -0.15
## diag_diab -0.03 -0.14 -0.23 -0.08
## diag_inj -0.01 0.05 -0.27 -0.16
## diag_musc -0.05 -0.02 -0.13 0.00
## diag_geni -0.02 0.06 -0.01 -0.12
## diag_neop 0.00 0.13 -0.08 0.01
## diag_other 0.02 0.00 -0.41 -0.24
## diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc diag_geni diag_neop
## time_in_hospital 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.03
## num_lab_procedures 0.06 -0.06 0.05 -0.09 0.17 0.03
## num_procedures 0.11 -0.10 0.07 -0.03 -0.05 0.17
## num_medications 0.05 -0.15 0.15 0.01 -0.03 -0.02
## number_outpatient -0.01 0.07 0.02 -0.02 0.05 0.00
## number_emergency -0.05 0.08 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02
## number_inpatient 0.05 -0.03 -0.01 -0.05 -0.02 0.00
## number_diagnoses -0.04 -0.14 0.05 -0.02 0.06 0.13
## diag_circ -0.14 -0.23 -0.27 -0.13 -0.01 -0.08
## diag_resp -0.15 -0.08 -0.16 0.00 -0.12 0.01
## diag_dig 1.00 -0.06 -0.03 -0.03 -0.07 0.02
## diag_diab -0.06 1.00 -0.12 0.03 -0.13 -0.16
## diag_inj -0.03 -0.12 1.00 0.01 0.04 -0.06
## diag_musc -0.03 0.03 0.01 1.00 -0.04 -0.04
## diag_geni -0.07 -0.13 0.04 -0.04 1.00 0.06
## diag_neop 0.02 -0.16 -0.06 -0.04 0.06 1.00
## diag_other -0.09 0.04 0.20 -0.03 -0.09 -0.09
## diag_other
## time_in_hospital -0.01
## num_lab_procedures -0.04
## num_procedures -0.13
## num_medications -0.07
## number_outpatient -0.06
## number_emergency 0.01
## number_inpatient 0.02
## number_diagnoses 0.00
## diag_circ -0.41
## diag_resp -0.24
## diag_dig -0.09
## diag_diab 0.04
## diag_inj 0.20
## diag_musc -0.03
## diag_geni -0.09
## diag_neop -0.09
## diag_other 1.00corrplot(M,
method = "square")
cor.plot(d_num)
Plots
ggpairs(dataset3)## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_g_gally_count).## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (stat_boxplot).## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
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## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
Barplot
Outcome Barplots
#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(readmitted)) +
geom_bar()
#Readmission & Discharge disposition
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(readmitted)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(discharge_disposition_id)))
* The readmitted barplot shows that a larger percentage of patients that
were not readmitted were discharged to home, while a larger percentage
of patients that were readmitted were discharged elsewhere. It is
important to note that there are a greater number of patients that were
readmitted in this sample.
Categorical Barplots
#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(race)) +
geom_bar()
#Race & Readmission
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(race)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(readmitted)))
* The race bar graph shows that a greater number of Caucasians, Asians,
Hispanics, and Other were readmitted. Upon looking at the graph, it
appears that more African Americans were not readmitted. For the
responses where racial information was not available, the graph shows
that more patients were not readmitted.
#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(gender)) +
geom_bar()
#Gender & Readmission
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(gender)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(readmitted)))
* The gender bar graph shows that a greater number of female patients
were readmitted than male, though it is important to note that there are
more female patients in this sample.
#Base comparison
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(age)) +
geom_bar()
#Race & Readmission
ggplot(dataset3,
aes(age)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = factor(readmitted)))
* The age bar graph show that more patients older than 60 were
readmitted, though it is important to note that there are a greater
number of patients older than 60 in the sample.
Histograms
str(dataset3)## 'data.frame': 298 obs. of 27 variables:
## $ race : Factor w/ 5 levels "AfricanAmerican",..: 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 ...
## $ gender : Factor w/ 2 levels "Female","Male": 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 ...
## $ age : Factor w/ 2 levels "OlderThan60",..: 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 ...
## $ admission_type_id : Factor w/ 4 levels "1","2","3","6": 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id: Factor w/ 2 levels "Other","Discharged to Home": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ admission_source_id : Factor w/ 3 levels "1","2","7": 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 5 2 10 2 11 14 7 2 3 2 ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 47 53 72 61 71 43 105 66 76 43 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ...
## $ num_medications : int 6 4 19 5 20 11 16 3 9 13 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 5 2 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 ...
## $ max_glu_serum : chr ">200" ">300" ">300" ">300" ...
## $ A1Cresult : chr "Norm" ">8" ">8" ">8" ...
## $ diabetesMed : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ readmitted : chr "YES" "YES" "YES" "NO" ...
## $ diag_circ : num 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
## $ diag_resp : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_dig : num 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_diab : num 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ...
## $ diag_inj : num 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
## $ diag_musc : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_geni : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_neop : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_other : num 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...summary(dataset3)## race gender age admission_type_id
## AfricanAmerican: 51 Female:173 OlderThan60 :165 1: 52
## Asian : 7 Male :125 YoungerThan60:133 2: 4
## Caucasian :182 3: 2
## Hispanic : 39 6:240
## Other : 13
## NA's : 6
## discharge_disposition_id admission_source_id time_in_hospital
## Other : 74 1: 23 Min. : 1.000
## Discharged to Home:224 2: 2 1st Qu.: 3.000
## 7:273 Median : 5.000
## Mean : 5.416
## 3rd Qu.: 7.000
## Max. :14.000
## num_lab_procedures num_procedures num_medications number_outpatient
## Min. : 31.00 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 1.00 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 54.00 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 9.00 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median : 63.50 Median :0.0000 Median :13.50 Median :0.0000
## Mean : 64.27 Mean :0.8423 Mean :14.51 Mean :0.1544
## 3rd Qu.: 74.00 3rd Qu.:1.7500 3rd Qu.:19.00 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :106.00 Max. :6.0000 Max. :35.00 Max. :6.0000
## number_emergency number_inpatient number_diagnoses max_glu_serum
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :1.000 Length:298
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:5.000 Class :character
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :6.000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.1678 Mean :0.6577 Mean :5.913
## 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:6.000
## Max. :9.0000 Max. :9.0000 Max. :9.000
## A1Cresult diabetesMed readmitted diag_circ
## Length:298 Length:298 Length:298 Min. :0.0000
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :1.0000
## Mean :0.5302
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000
## diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.00000
## Mean :0.3087 Mean :0.1275 Mean :0.6342 Mean :0.07047
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000
## diag_musc diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.00000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.00000 Median :1.0000
## Mean :0.04362 Mean :0.1409 Mean :0.04027 Mean :0.5403
## 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000Histograms grouped by readmission status
# Grouped
# p <- data %>%
# ggplot( aes(x=value, fill=type)) +
# geom_histogram( color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.6, position = 'identity') +
# scale_fill_manual(values=c("#69b3a2", "#404080")) +
# theme_ipsum() +
# labs(fill="")
#time_in_hospital
hosp_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = time_in_hospital,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
hosp_hist
#num_lab_procedures
lab_p_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = num_lab_procedures,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)
lab_p_hist
#num_procedures
procedures_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = num_procedures,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
procedures_hist
#num_medications
medications_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = num_medications,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
medications_hist
#number_outpatient
outpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_outpatient,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
outpatient_hist
#number_emergency
emergency_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_emergency,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
emergency_hist
#number_inpatient
inpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_inpatient,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
inpatient_hist
#number_diagnoses
diagnoses_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_diagnoses,
fill = readmitted)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
diagnoses_hist
* time_in_hospital histogram is positively skewed and shows that more
patients that spent 6 or more days in the hospital were readmitted than
not. * num_lab_procedures histogram appears approximately normal. *
num_procedures, number_outpatient, number_emergency, and
number_inpatient histograms are positively skewed, with greater number
of readmitted patients. * num_medications histogram displays slight
positive skewness, though the “YES” readmission histogram seems more
normal than the overall graph. A greater number of patients with fewer
than 20 medications were not readmitted. * number_diagnoses histogram is
negatively skewed, showing more patients with a greater number of
diagnoses were readmitted.
Histograms grouped by Discharge Disposition
# Grouped
# p <- data %>%
# ggplot( aes(x=value, fill=type)) +
# geom_histogram( color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.6, position = 'identity') +
# scale_fill_manual(values=c("#69b3a2", "#404080")) +
# theme_ipsum() +
# labs(fill="")
#time_in_hospital
hosp_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = time_in_hospital,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
hosp_hist
#num_lab_procedures
lab_p_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = num_lab_procedures,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)
lab_p_hist
#num_procedures
procedures_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = num_procedures,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
procedures_hist
#num_medications
medications_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = num_medications,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
medications_hist
#number_outpatient
outpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_outpatient,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
outpatient_hist
#number_emergency
emergency_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_emergency,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
emergency_hist
#number_inpatient
inpatient_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_inpatient,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
inpatient_hist
#number_diagnoses
diagnoses_hist <- dataset3 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = number_diagnoses,
fill = discharge_disposition_id)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
diagnoses_hist
* The histograms grouped by discharge disposition show that a large
majority of patients were discharged to their homes.
Scatter Plots, grouped by Readmission status
#Highest Correlating Variables:
# number_emergency & number_inpatient = 0.5
# BMI_Skin <- ggplot(data = diab1,
# aes(x = BMI,
# y = SkinThickness,
# color = Outcome),
# na.rm = TRUE) +
# geom_point(size = 0.5) +
# geom_smooth(method = lm) +
# labs(title = "BMI vs. Skin Thickness")
# BMI_Skin
#number_emergency & number_inpatient = 0.5
em_in <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
aes(x = number_inpatient,
y = number_emergency,
color = readmitted),
na.rm = TRUE) +
geom_point(size = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = lm) +
labs(title = "Number of Emergency vs. Inpatient visitation")
em_in## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
#number_emergency & number_outpatient = 0.49
em_out <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
aes(x = number_outpatient,
y = number_emergency,
color = readmitted),
na.rm = TRUE) +
geom_point(size = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = lm) +
labs(title = "Number of Emergency vs. Outpatient visitation")
em_out## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
#num_medications & number_diagnoses = 0.49
med_diag <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
aes(x = number_diagnoses,
y = num_medications,
color = readmitted),
na.rm = TRUE) +
geom_point(size = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = lm) +
labs(title = "Number of Medications vs. Number of Diagnoses")
med_diag## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
#num_medications & time_in_hospital = 0.44
med_time <- ggplot(data = dataset3,
aes(x = time_in_hospital,
y = num_medications,
color = readmitted),
na.rm = TRUE) +
geom_point(size = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = lm) +
labs(title = "Number of Medications vs. Time in Hospital")
med_time## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
Predictive Models
Dummy Variables
d <- predict(dummyVars(~discharge_disposition_id + admission_type_id + max_glu_serum + A1Cresult + admission_source_id,
data = dataset3),
newdata = dataset3)
head(d)## discharge_disposition_id.Other discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home
## 163 1 0
## 193 0 1
## 461 0 1
## 594 0 1
## 697 0 1
## 772 0 1
## admission_type_id.1 admission_type_id.2 admission_type_id.3
## 163 0 0 0
## 193 0 0 0
## 461 0 0 0
## 594 0 0 0
## 697 0 0 0
## 772 0 0 0
## admission_type_id.6 max_glu_serum>200 max_glu_serum>300 max_glu_serumNorm
## 163 1 1 0 0
## 193 1 0 1 0
## 461 1 0 1 0
## 594 1 0 1 0
## 697 1 1 0 0
## 772 1 0 0 1
## A1Cresult>7 A1Cresult>8 A1CresultNorm admission_source_id.1
## 163 0 0 1 0
## 193 0 1 0 0
## 461 0 1 0 0
## 594 0 1 0 0
## 697 1 0 0 0
## 772 1 0 0 0
## admission_source_id.2 admission_source_id.7
## 163 0 1
## 193 0 1
## 461 0 1
## 594 0 1
## 697 0 1
## 772 1 0colnames(d)## [1] "discharge_disposition_id.Other"
## [2] "discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home"
## [3] "admission_type_id.1"
## [4] "admission_type_id.2"
## [5] "admission_type_id.3"
## [6] "admission_type_id.6"
## [7] "max_glu_serum>200"
## [8] "max_glu_serum>300"
## [9] "max_glu_serumNorm"
## [10] "A1Cresult>7"
## [11] "A1Cresult>8"
## [12] "A1CresultNorm"
## [13] "admission_source_id.1"
## [14] "admission_source_id.2"
## [15] "admission_source_id.7"colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "A1Cresult>7"] <- "A1Cresult7"
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "A1Cresult>8"] <- "A1Cresult8"
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "max_glu_serum>300"] <- "max_glu_serum.300"
colnames(d)[colnames(d) == "max_glu_serum>200"] <- "max_glu_serum.200"
colnames(d)## [1] "discharge_disposition_id.Other"
## [2] "discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home"
## [3] "admission_type_id.1"
## [4] "admission_type_id.2"
## [5] "admission_type_id.3"
## [6] "admission_type_id.6"
## [7] "max_glu_serum.200"
## [8] "max_glu_serum.300"
## [9] "max_glu_serumNorm"
## [10] "A1Cresult7"
## [11] "A1Cresult8"
## [12] "A1CresultNorm"
## [13] "admission_source_id.1"
## [14] "admission_source_id.2"
## [15] "admission_source_id.7"dataset4 <- select(dataset3, c("readmitted", "time_in_hospital", "num_lab_procedures", "num_procedures", "num_medications", "number_outpatient", "number_emergency", "number_inpatient", "number_diagnoses", "diag_circ", "diag_resp", "diag_dig", "diag_diab", "diag_inj", "diag_musc", "diag_geni", "diag_neop", "diag_other"))
head(dataset4)## readmitted time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163 YES 5 47 1
## 193 YES 2 53 0
## 461 YES 10 72 1
## 594 NO 2 61 0
## 697 NO 11 71 1
## 772 YES 14 43 0
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## 163 6 0 0 0
## 193 4 0 0 0
## 461 19 0 0 0
## 594 5 0 0 0
## 697 20 0 0 0
## 772 11 0 0 0
## number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163 5 1 0 0 0 0 0
## 193 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
## 461 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 594 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 697 5 0 0 0 1 1 0
## 772 3 0 0 1 1 0 0
## diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## 163 0 0 1
## 193 0 0 0
## 461 0 0 1
## 594 0 0 1
## 697 0 0 1
## 772 0 0 1dataset3 <- cbind(dataset4, d)
head(dataset4)## readmitted time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163 YES 5 47 1
## 193 YES 2 53 0
## 461 YES 10 72 1
## 594 NO 2 61 0
## 697 NO 11 71 1
## 772 YES 14 43 0
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## 163 6 0 0 0
## 193 4 0 0 0
## 461 19 0 0 0
## 594 5 0 0 0
## 697 20 0 0 0
## 772 11 0 0 0
## number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163 5 1 0 0 0 0 0
## 193 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
## 461 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 594 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 697 5 0 0 0 1 1 0
## 772 3 0 0 1 1 0 0
## diag_geni diag_neop diag_other
## 163 0 0 1
## 193 0 0 0
## 461 0 0 1
## 594 0 0 1
## 697 0 0 1
## 772 0 0 1nrow(dataset4)## [1] 298ncol(dataset4)## [1] 18dataset4 <- dataset4[ , c("readmitted",
names(dataset4)[names(dataset4) != "readmitted"])]
colnames(dataset4)## [1] "readmitted" "time_in_hospital" "num_lab_procedures"
## [4] "num_procedures" "num_medications" "number_outpatient"
## [7] "number_emergency" "number_inpatient" "number_diagnoses"
## [10] "diag_circ" "diag_resp" "diag_dig"
## [13] "diag_diab" "diag_inj" "diag_musc"
## [16] "diag_geni" "diag_neop" "diag_other"Train & Test Split
set.seed(123)
split <- sample.split(dataset4$readmitted,
SplitRatio = 0.8)
df.train <- subset(dataset3,
split == TRUE)
df.test <- subset(subset(dataset3,
split == FALSE))
nrow(df.test)## [1] 60nrow(df.train)## [1] 238head(df.train)## readmitted time_in_hospital num_lab_procedures num_procedures
## 163 YES 5 47 1
## 461 YES 10 72 1
## 594 NO 2 61 0
## 697 NO 11 71 1
## 962 YES 2 66 0
## 1281 YES 3 76 0
## num_medications number_outpatient number_emergency number_inpatient
## 163 6 0 0 0
## 461 19 0 0 0
## 594 5 0 0 0
## 697 20 0 0 0
## 962 3 0 0 0
## 1281 9 0 0 0
## number_diagnoses diag_circ diag_resp diag_dig diag_diab diag_inj diag_musc
## 163 5 1 0 0 0 0 0
## 461 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 594 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
## 697 5 0 0 0 1 1 0
## 962 3 1 0 0 1 0 0
## 1281 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
## diag_geni diag_neop diag_other discharge_disposition_id.Other
## 163 0 0 1 1
## 461 0 0 1 0
## 594 0 0 1 0
## 697 0 0 1 0
## 962 0 0 1 0
## 1281 0 0 1 0
## discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home admission_type_id.1
## 163 0 0
## 461 1 0
## 594 1 0
## 697 1 0
## 962 1 0
## 1281 1 0
## admission_type_id.2 admission_type_id.3 admission_type_id.6
## 163 0 0 1
## 461 0 0 1
## 594 0 0 1
## 697 0 0 1
## 962 0 0 1
## 1281 0 0 1
## max_glu_serum.200 max_glu_serum.300 max_glu_serumNorm A1Cresult7
## 163 1 0 0 0
## 461 0 1 0 0
## 594 0 1 0 0
## 697 1 0 0 1
## 962 0 0 1 1
## 1281 0 1 0 1
## A1Cresult8 A1CresultNorm admission_source_id.1 admission_source_id.2
## 163 0 1 0 0
## 461 1 0 0 0
## 594 1 0 0 0
## 697 0 0 0 0
## 962 0 0 0 0
## 1281 0 0 0 0
## admission_source_id.7
## 163 1
## 461 1
## 594 1
## 697 1
## 962 1
## 1281 1str(df.train)## 'data.frame': 238 obs. of 33 variables:
## $ readmitted : chr "YES" "YES" "NO" "NO" ...
## $ time_in_hospital : int 5 10 2 11 2 3 4 13 6 4 ...
## $ num_lab_procedures : int 47 72 61 71 66 76 41 58 69 52 ...
## $ num_procedures : int 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 ...
## $ num_medications : int 6 19 5 20 3 9 8 17 17 8 ...
## $ number_outpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_emergency : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ number_inpatient : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
## $ number_diagnoses : int 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 ...
## $ diag_circ : num 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 ...
## $ diag_resp : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
## $ diag_dig : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_diab : num 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 ...
## $ diag_inj : num 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_musc : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
## $ diag_geni : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ...
## $ diag_neop : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ diag_other : num 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id.Other : num 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ...
## $ discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home: num 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 ...
## $ admission_type_id.1 : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ admission_type_id.2 : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ admission_type_id.3 : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ admission_type_id.6 : num 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ max_glu_serum.200 : num 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ...
## $ max_glu_serum.300 : num 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ...
## $ max_glu_serumNorm : num 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ A1Cresult7 : num 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ A1Cresult8 : num 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 ...
## $ A1CresultNorm : num 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
## $ admission_source_id.1 : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ...
## $ admission_source_id.2 : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ admission_source_id.7 : num 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ...nrow(df.train)## [1] 238ncol(df.train)## [1] 33sum(is.na(df.train))## [1] 0sum(is.na(df.test))## [1] 0Logistic Regression
Coding the readmission status as 0 (No) and 1 (YES).
table(dataset4$readmitted)##
## NO YES
## 123 175df.train1 <- df.train
table(df.train1$readmitted)##
## NO YES
## 98 140df.test1 <- df.testdf.train1$readmitted[df.train1$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
df.train1$readmitted[df.train1$readmitted == "YES"] = 1
table(df.train1$readmitted)##
## 0 1
## 98 140df.train1$readmitted <- as.numeric(df.train1$readmitted)
class(df.train1$readmitted)## [1] "numeric"df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "YES"] = 1
df.test1$readmitted <- as.numeric(df.test1$readmitted)
class(df.test1$readmitted)## [1] "numeric"table(df.test1$readmitted)##
## 0 1
## 25 35Logistic Regression Models
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) refers to a mathematical method for evaluating how well a model fits the data it was generated from. It is used to compare different possible models and determine which is the best fit for the data. A lower AIC score is better.
I will use the AIC scores of each of the following models to determine which features are most significant in determining a patient’s readmission status. The model with the lowest AIC score will be used for model prediction against df.test.
Log Model 1
logModel1 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ . ,
family = binomial,
data = df.train1)## Warning: glm.fit: fitted probabilities numerically 0 or 1 occurredsummary(logModel1)##
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ ., family = binomial, data = df.train1)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6305 -0.9068 0.3715 0.8385 1.8463
##
## Coefficients: (5 not defined because of singularities)
## Estimate Std. Error z value
## (Intercept) 1.089e+00 1.248e+00 0.873
## time_in_hospital 1.064e-01 6.671e-02 1.595
## num_lab_procedures -1.858e-02 1.286e-02 -1.445
## num_procedures -3.716e-01 1.529e-01 -2.431
## num_medications 5.176e-02 3.110e-02 1.664
## number_outpatient -7.172e-02 4.686e-01 -0.153
## number_emergency 1.549e+01 1.060e+03 0.015
## number_inpatient 6.795e-01 2.260e-01 3.007
## number_diagnoses -1.045e-01 1.644e-01 -0.636
## diag_circ 8.051e-02 4.234e-01 0.190
## diag_resp 7.120e-02 4.146e-01 0.172
## diag_dig 1.942e-01 5.302e-01 0.366
## diag_diab -9.909e-01 3.964e-01 -2.500
## diag_inj -3.803e-01 6.908e-01 -0.551
## diag_musc 5.308e-03 7.723e-01 0.007
## diag_geni -2.153e-01 4.730e-01 -0.455
## diag_neop 9.416e-01 9.686e-01 0.972
## diag_other -6.819e-01 4.090e-01 -1.667
## discharge_disposition_id.Other 7.315e-01 3.883e-01 1.884
## `discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home` NA NA NA
## admission_type_id.1 7.364e-01 7.033e-01 1.047
## admission_type_id.2 -7.981e+01 1.249e+04 -0.006
## admission_type_id.3 -7.569e-01 1.857e+00 -0.408
## admission_type_id.6 NA NA NA
## max_glu_serum.200 -1.979e-01 4.322e-01 -0.458
## max_glu_serum.300 -5.191e-01 5.098e-01 -1.018
## max_glu_serumNorm NA NA NA
## A1Cresult7 4.971e-01 5.022e-01 0.990
## A1Cresult8 7.954e-01 4.790e-01 1.661
## A1CresultNorm NA NA NA
## admission_source_id.1 1.105e+00 6.846e-01 1.614
## admission_source_id.2 1.943e+01 1.075e+04 0.002
## admission_source_id.7 NA NA NA
## Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 0.38283
## time_in_hospital 0.11079
## num_lab_procedures 0.14852
## num_procedures 0.01507 *
## num_medications 0.09605 .
## number_outpatient 0.87835
## number_emergency 0.98834
## number_inpatient 0.00264 **
## number_diagnoses 0.52493
## diag_circ 0.84918
## diag_resp 0.86364
## diag_dig 0.71409
## diag_diab 0.01242 *
## diag_inj 0.58194
## diag_musc 0.99452
## diag_geni 0.64901
## diag_neop 0.33098
## diag_other 0.09545 .
## discharge_disposition_id.Other 0.05958 .
## `discharge_disposition_id.Discharged to Home` NA
## admission_type_id.1 0.29507
## admission_type_id.2 0.99490
## admission_type_id.3 0.68361
## admission_type_id.6 NA
## max_glu_serum.200 0.64698
## max_glu_serum.300 0.30858
## max_glu_serumNorm NA
## A1Cresult7 0.32223
## A1Cresult8 0.09679 .
## A1CresultNorm NA
## admission_source_id.1 0.10662
## admission_source_id.2 0.99856
## admission_source_id.7 NA
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 322.49 on 237 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 250.11 on 210 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 306.11
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 18#Based on logModel1, the significant values are as follows:
# ** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# . num_medications
# . diag_other
# . discharge_disposition_id.Other
# . A1Cresult8
#AIC: 306.11Log Model 2
With an AIC result of 289.43, we can assume that logModel2 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11).
logModel2 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient +
num_procedures +
diag_diab +
num_medications +
diag_other +
discharge_disposition_id.Other +
A1Cresult8,
family = binomial,
data = df.train1)
summary(logModel2)##
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient + num_procedures +
## diag_diab + num_medications + diag_other + discharge_disposition_id.Other +
## A1Cresult8, family = binomial, data = df.train1)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.7007 -1.0547 0.4815 0.9706 1.7236
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 0.02333 0.46319 0.050 0.959832
## number_inpatient 0.75849 0.21291 3.563 0.000367 ***
## num_procedures -0.27831 0.12708 -2.190 0.028527 *
## diag_diab -0.75669 0.32432 -2.333 0.019639 *
## num_medications 0.05032 0.02229 2.257 0.023989 *
## diag_other -0.64622 0.29894 -2.162 0.030643 *
## discharge_disposition_id.Other 0.66165 0.35239 1.878 0.060433 .
## A1Cresult8 0.34839 0.30837 1.130 0.258575
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 322.49 on 237 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 273.43 on 230 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 289.43
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5#Based on logModel2, the significant values are as follows:
# *** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# * num_medications
# * diag_other
# . discharge_disposition_id.Other
#AIC: 289.43
# With an AIC result of 289.43, we can assume that logModel2 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11).Log Model 3
With an AIC result of 288.72, we can assume that logModel3 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) and logModel2 (AIC = 289.43).
logModel3 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient +
num_procedures +
diag_diab +
num_medications +
diag_other +
discharge_disposition_id.Other,
family = binomial,
data = df.train1)
summary(logModel3)##
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient + num_procedures +
## diag_diab + num_medications + diag_other + discharge_disposition_id.Other,
## family = binomial, data = df.train1)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6398 -1.0456 0.4729 0.9550 1.6525
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 0.14654 0.45044 0.325 0.744925
## number_inpatient 0.74789 0.21329 3.506 0.000454 ***
## num_procedures -0.27066 0.12588 -2.150 0.031541 *
## diag_diab -0.65924 0.31019 -2.125 0.033565 *
## num_medications 0.05138 0.02223 2.311 0.020819 *
## diag_other -0.64697 0.29829 -2.169 0.030087 *
## discharge_disposition_id.Other 0.64519 0.34980 1.844 0.065121 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 322.49 on 237 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 274.72 on 231 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 288.72
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5#Based on logModel3, the significant values are as follows:
# *** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# * num_medications
# * diag_other
# . discharge_disposition_id.Other
#AIC: 288.72
# With an AIC result of 288.72, we can assume that logModel3 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) and logModel2 (AIC = 289.43).Log Model 4
With an AIC result of 290.23, we can assume that logModel4 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) but not as good as logModel2 (AIC = 289.43) and logModel3 (AIC = 288.72).
logModel4 <- glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient +
num_procedures +
diag_diab +
num_medications +
diag_other,
family = binomial,
data = df.train1)
summary(logModel4)##
## Call:
## glm(formula = readmitted ~ number_inpatient + num_procedures +
## diag_diab + num_medications + diag_other, family = binomial,
## data = df.train1)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.4655 -1.0795 0.4902 0.9986 1.5984
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 0.27583 0.44169 0.624 0.532303
## number_inpatient 0.75856 0.21150 3.587 0.000335 ***
## num_procedures -0.25613 0.12447 -2.058 0.039619 *
## diag_diab -0.70694 0.30738 -2.300 0.021452 *
## num_medications 0.05422 0.02203 2.462 0.013835 *
## diag_other -0.64304 0.29632 -2.170 0.030002 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 322.49 on 237 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 278.23 on 232 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 290.23
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5#Based on logModel4, the significant values are as follows:
# *** number_inpatient
# * num_procedures
# * diag_diab
# * num_medications
# * diag_other
#AIC: 290.23
# With an AIC result of 290.23, we can assume that logModel4 is better than logModel1 (AIC = 306.11) but not as good as logModel2 (AIC = 289.43) and logModel3 (AIC = 288.72).Logistic Regression Prediction
As logModel3 returned the lowest AIC result (AIC = 288.72) of the 4 logistic regression models, I will continue logistic regression prediction with this model.
# Outcome.predictions <- predict(logModel1,
# df.test,
# type = "response")
#
# log.results <- cbind(Outcome.predictions,
# df.test$Outcome)
#
# results.class <- ifelse(log.results > 0.5, 1,0)
# colnames(results.class) <- c("pred", "real")
# results.class <- as.data.frame(results.class)
#
# head(results.class)
readmitted.predictions <- predict(logModel3,
df.test1,
type = "response")
log.results <- cbind(readmitted.predictions,
df.test1$readmitted)
results.class <- ifelse(log.results > 0.5, 1, 0)
colnames(results.class) <- c("pred", "real")
results.class <- as.data.frame(results.class)
head(results.class)## pred real
## 193 0 1
## 772 0 1
## 824 0 1
## 1756 0 1
## 2080 0 1
## 4967 1 1Logistic Regression Confusion Matrix
# table(df.test$Outcome,
# results.class$pred)
table(df.test1$readmitted,
results.class$pred)##
## 0 1
## 0 15 10
## 1 14 21df.test1$readmitted <- as.factor(df.test1$readmitted)
results.class$pred <- as.factor(results.class$pred)
confusionMatrix(df.test1$readmitted,
results.class$pred)## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction 0 1
## 0 15 10
## 1 14 21
##
## Accuracy : 0.6
## 95% CI : (0.4654, 0.7244)
## No Information Rate : 0.5167
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.1223
##
## Kappa : 0.1955
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.5403
##
## Sensitivity : 0.5172
## Specificity : 0.6774
## Pos Pred Value : 0.6000
## Neg Pred Value : 0.6000
## Prevalence : 0.4833
## Detection Rate : 0.2500
## Detection Prevalence : 0.4167
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.5973
##
## 'Positive' Class : 0
## Logistic regression confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.6 * Kappa: 0.1955
K-Nearest Neighbors
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) is a simple, supervised machine learning algorithm that can use used to solve both classification and regression problems.
As the output for the models is a binary factor variable, and KNN can be implemented for classification, I believe that KNN should work well with the data provided.
table(df.test1$readmitted)##
## 0 1
## 25 35# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == 1] = "NO"
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == 2] = "YES"
#
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
# df.test1$readmitted[df.test1$readmitted == "YES"] = 1
df.test1$readmitted <- as.numeric(df.test1$readmitted)
results.class$pred <- as.numeric(results.class$pred)
# table(df.test1$readmitted)df.train2 <- df.train1
df.test2 <- df.test1K-NN
# Fitting K-NN to the Training set and Predicting the Test set results
y_pred = knn(train = df.train2,
test = df.test2,
df.train2$readmitted,
k = 9)
head(y_pred)## [1] 0 1 0 1 1 1
## Levels: 0 1misclass.error = mean(df.test2$readmitted != y_pred)
misclass.error## [1] 0.75#Misclass error with K value of 9 = 0.75Choosing a K
#Choosing a K-value
y_pred <- NULL
error.rate <- NULL
for (i in 1:20){
set.seed(123)
y_pred <- knn(train = df.train2,
test = df.test2,
df.train2$readmitted,
k = i)
error.rate[i] <- mean(df.test2$readmitted != y_pred)
}
error.rate## [1] 0.7833333 0.7666667 0.7666667 0.8000000 0.7500000 0.7500000 0.7833333
## [8] 0.7833333 0.7500000 0.7666667 0.7333333 0.7500000 0.7333333 0.7333333
## [15] 0.7166667 0.7166667 0.7166667 0.7000000 0.7000000 0.7000000#Visualize K - Elbow Method
k.values <- 1:20
error.df <- data.frame(error.rate,
k.values)
ggplot(error.df,
aes(k.values,
error.rate)) +
geom_point() +
geom_line(lty = "dotted",
color = "red")
#Optimal K value: 6K-NN with Optimal K value
y_pred = knn(train = df.train2,
test = df.test2,
df.train2$readmitted,
k = 6)
head(y_pred)## [1] 0 1 0 1 0 1
## Levels: 0 1misclass.error = mean(df.test2$readmitted != y_pred)
misclass.error## [1] 0.7666667#Misclass error with K value of 6 = 0.733K-NN Confusion Matrix
cm = table(df.test2$readmitted,
y_pred)
cm## y_pred
## 0 1
## 1 11 14
## 2 5 30df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == 1] = "NO"
df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == 2] = "YES"
df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == "NO"] = 0
df.test2$readmitted[df.test2$readmitted == "YES"] = 1df.test2$readmitted <- as.factor(df.test2$readmitted)
y_pred <- as.factor(y_pred)
class(df.test2$readmitted)## [1] "factor"class(y_pred)## [1] "factor"table(df.test2$readmitted)##
## 0 1
## 25 35table(y_pred)## y_pred
## 0 1
## 16 44confusionMatrix(df.test2$readmitted,
y_pred)## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction 0 1
## 0 11 14
## 1 5 30
##
## Accuracy : 0.6833
## 95% CI : (0.5504, 0.7974)
## No Information Rate : 0.7333
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.84653
##
## Kappa : 0.3133
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.06646
##
## Sensitivity : 0.6875
## Specificity : 0.6818
## Pos Pred Value : 0.4400
## Neg Pred Value : 0.8571
## Prevalence : 0.2667
## Detection Rate : 0.1833
## Detection Prevalence : 0.4167
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.6847
##
## 'Positive' Class : 0
## K-Nearest Neighbor confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.6833 * Kappa: 0.3133
Support Vector Machines
Support Vector Machines (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm that can be used for classification.
As the output for the models is a binary factor variable, and SVM is primarily used in classification, it is expected that SVM should work well with the data provided.
Fitting SVM to the Training Set
#Fitting SVM to the Training set
classifier = svm(formula = readmitted ~ .,
data = df.train2,
kernel = 'linear')SVM Predicting the Test Set Results
# Predicting the Test set results
svm_pred = predict(classifier,
newdata = df.test2[-1])
print(svm_pred)## 193 772 824 1756 2080 4967
## 0.391707387 1.419768246 -0.034635750 -0.185234324 0.376624914 0.805251059
## 5313 5771 6129 7698 9689 13549
## 0.651847388 0.419428707 1.163023957 1.363393850 1.010887480 0.482979388
## 13634 15538 17097 17710 20963 23465
## 0.442873034 0.599034957 0.924713613 1.085437802 0.194601446 0.298448116
## 26840 29135 29256 29485 31275 33020
## 0.333487326 0.483674794 0.081547445 0.885119305 0.093522528 1.223202584
## 34606 35443 35975 37411 37656 39068
## 1.088899015 1.400373634 0.263888020 1.218244201 0.973510342 1.032862451
## 42257 43185 44171 44259 53376 56068
## 1.253180437 0.849258265 0.731350944 0.457950093 0.339891996 0.338009579
## 57291 57410 57806 63412 65813 67316
## 0.988158711 0.362011337 0.224537366 1.038088977 0.667124780 0.086490326
## 67406 67995 69010 69118 70175 70357
## 0.326279598 1.058205380 0.036204089 0.362464120 0.319071322 0.899256049
## 71802 74284 74286 74933 77281 77674
## 0.374725838 1.216174371 0.437584862 0.042586384 -0.003389938 0.966342849
## 80810 81744 97084 98208 100494 100579
## 0.980503831 0.806771636 0.497982915 -0.022277903 0.371210515 1.107609251###SVM Confusion Matrix
# Making the Confusion Matrix
cm = table(df.test2[, 1],
y_pred)
cm## y_pred
## 0 1
## 0 11 14
## 1 5 30confusionMatrix(df.test2$readmitted,
y_pred)## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction 0 1
## 0 11 14
## 1 5 30
##
## Accuracy : 0.6833
## 95% CI : (0.5504, 0.7974)
## No Information Rate : 0.7333
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.84653
##
## Kappa : 0.3133
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.06646
##
## Sensitivity : 0.6875
## Specificity : 0.6818
## Pos Pred Value : 0.4400
## Neg Pred Value : 0.8571
## Prevalence : 0.2667
## Detection Rate : 0.1833
## Detection Prevalence : 0.4167
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.6847
##
## 'Positive' Class : 0
## SVM confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.6833 * Kappa: 0.3133
Decision Tree
Tree
tree = rpart(formula = readmitted ~ .,
method = "class",
data = df.train2)Tree Prediction
#Predicting the Test Set Results
y_pred = predict(tree,
newdata = df.test2)
head(y_pred)## 0 1
## 193 0.7424242 0.2575758
## 772 0.1666667 0.8333333
## 824 0.7777778 0.2222222
## 1756 0.7424242 0.2575758
## 2080 0.7424242 0.2575758
## 4967 0.1600000 0.8400000Converting the results into binary (0, 1)
y_pred_class = ifelse(y_pred[, "0"] >= 0.5,
0, 1)Tree Confusion Matrix
# Making the Confusion Matrix
cm = table(df.test2$readmitted,
y_pred_class)
cm## y_pred_class
## 0 1
## 0 18 7
## 1 11 24y_pred_class <- as.factor(y_pred_class)
confusionMatrix(df.test2$readmitted,
y_pred_class)## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction 0 1
## 0 18 7
## 1 11 24
##
## Accuracy : 0.7
## 95% CI : (0.5679, 0.8115)
## No Information Rate : 0.5167
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.003002
##
## Kappa : 0.3966
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.479500
##
## Sensitivity : 0.6207
## Specificity : 0.7742
## Pos Pred Value : 0.7200
## Neg Pred Value : 0.6857
## Prevalence : 0.4833
## Detection Rate : 0.3000
## Detection Prevalence : 0.4167
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.6974
##
## 'Positive' Class : 0
## Tree confusion matrix results: * Accuracy: 0.7 * Kappa: 0.3966
Tree ROC
result.roc = roc(df.test2$readmitted,
y_pred[ ,"0"])## Setting levels: control = 0, case = 1## Setting direction: controls > casesresult.roc##
## Call:
## roc.default(response = df.test2$readmitted, predictor = y_pred[, "0"])
##
## Data: y_pred[, "0"] in 25 controls (df.test2$readmitted 0) > 35 cases (df.test2$readmitted 1).
## Area under the curve: 0.6451plot(result.roc)
Decision Trees
plot(tree,
uniform=TRUE,
main="Readmission Status")
text(tree,
use.n=TRUE,
all=TRUE)
prp(tree)
Clustering
Hierarchical Clustering
hc = hclust(d = dist(df.train2,
method = "euclidean"),
method = "ward.D") #Variance within each cluster
plot(hc,
main = "Dendrogram",
xlab = "Patients",
ylab = "Euclidean Distances")
y_hc = cutree(hc, 2)
head(y_hc)## 163 461 594 697 962 1281
## 1 2 2 2 2 2Hierarchical Clustering Clusters
clusplot(df.train2,
y_hc,
lines = 0,
shade = FALSE,
color = TRUE,
labels= 2,
plotchar = FALSE,
span = TRUE,
main = 'Clusters of Patients')
Hierarchical Clustering Find K
fviz_nbclust(df.train2,
hcut,
method = "silhouette") +
labs(subtitle = "Silhouette method")
fviz_nbclust(df.train2,
hcut,
nstart = 25,
method = "gap_stat",
nboot = 50) +
labs(subtitle = "Gap statistic method")
Cross Validation
eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)
xgb Model 1
train_control <-trainControl(method = "cv",
number = 5)
model <- train(readmitted ~.,
data = dataset4,
method = "xgbTree",
metric = "Accuracy",
trControl = train_control)## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
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## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.model## eXtreme Gradient Boosting
##
## 298 samples
## 17 predictor
## 2 classes: 'NO', 'YES'
##
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (5 fold)
## Summary of sample sizes: 238, 239, 238, 239, 238
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
##
## eta max_depth colsample_bytree subsample nrounds Accuracy Kappa
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.50 50 0.6475706 0.25532683
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.50 100 0.6038418 0.16603663
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.50 150 0.6072881 0.17508089
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.75 50 0.6341243 0.22315841
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.75 100 0.6273446 0.22134213
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.75 150 0.6006215 0.16066684
## 0.3 1 0.6 1.00 50 0.6138983 0.17415340
## 0.3 1 0.6 1.00 100 0.6140113 0.18153665
## 0.3 1 0.6 1.00 150 0.6174011 0.19164135
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.50 50 0.6205085 0.19672554
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.50 100 0.6305650 0.22503213
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.50 150 0.6173446 0.19910030
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.75 50 0.6240678 0.20204656
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.75 100 0.6172881 0.19583111
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.75 150 0.6240678 0.21237731
## 0.3 1 0.8 1.00 50 0.6173446 0.17999295
## 0.3 1 0.8 1.00 100 0.6241243 0.20363939
## 0.3 1 0.8 1.00 150 0.6073446 0.16251468
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.50 50 0.6007345 0.16358822
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.50 100 0.6039548 0.16026228
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.50 150 0.6009605 0.15740874
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.75 50 0.6138418 0.18001863
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.75 100 0.6308475 0.22927272
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.75 150 0.5938983 0.14831163
## 0.3 2 0.6 1.00 50 0.5938418 0.14224792
## 0.3 2 0.6 1.00 100 0.5938983 0.14529120
## 0.3 2 0.6 1.00 150 0.5905650 0.14102166
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.50 50 0.6275141 0.21889005
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.50 100 0.5939548 0.15202908
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.50 150 0.6140678 0.19859682
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.75 50 0.6141808 0.19432554
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.75 100 0.5975141 0.15639563
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.75 150 0.6109605 0.17198362
## 0.3 2 0.8 1.00 50 0.6072316 0.18035656
## 0.3 2 0.8 1.00 100 0.5938983 0.14899868
## 0.3 2 0.8 1.00 150 0.5873446 0.13952514
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.50 50 0.5871186 0.13018726
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.50 100 0.5871186 0.12466913
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.50 150 0.5705085 0.09245081
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.75 50 0.5971751 0.15271971
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.75 100 0.6042938 0.17563291
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.75 150 0.5908475 0.14638176
## 0.3 3 0.6 1.00 50 0.5771186 0.11829509
## 0.3 3 0.6 1.00 100 0.5873446 0.13927019
## 0.3 3 0.6 1.00 150 0.5974576 0.16201278
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.50 50 0.5940113 0.15319151
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.50 100 0.5837288 0.13012802
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.50 150 0.5738983 0.10641646
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.75 50 0.5905650 0.14497043
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.75 100 0.5875706 0.13134684
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.75 150 0.5674576 0.09022738
## 0.3 3 0.8 1.00 50 0.6207910 0.20512482
## 0.3 3 0.8 1.00 100 0.6109040 0.19070499
## 0.3 3 0.8 1.00 150 0.5807910 0.12740425
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.50 50 0.6372316 0.24287171
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.50 100 0.6339548 0.24338124
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.50 150 0.6372881 0.24078767
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.75 50 0.6171751 0.18379202
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.75 100 0.6172881 0.19286129
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.75 150 0.6174011 0.20221620
## 0.4 1 0.6 1.00 50 0.6206780 0.19240670
## 0.4 1 0.6 1.00 100 0.6207345 0.19531871
## 0.4 1 0.6 1.00 150 0.6240678 0.20118734
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.50 50 0.6339548 0.22644507
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.50 100 0.6272881 0.21676128
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.50 150 0.6040113 0.17031767
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.75 50 0.6171186 0.19023901
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.75 100 0.6442373 0.25486144
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.75 150 0.6140678 0.18533357
## 0.4 1 0.8 1.00 50 0.6272881 0.20523912
## 0.4 1 0.8 1.00 100 0.6106780 0.17327705
## 0.4 1 0.8 1.00 150 0.6107345 0.17532897
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.50 50 0.5603955 0.08779509
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.50 100 0.5770621 0.11027989
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.50 150 0.5603955 0.08000149
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.75 50 0.6041243 0.17254690
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.75 100 0.5905085 0.14000293
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.75 150 0.5673446 0.09857502
## 0.4 2 0.6 1.00 50 0.5970621 0.15037269
## 0.4 2 0.6 1.00 100 0.6106780 0.18700698
## 0.4 2 0.6 1.00 150 0.6207910 0.21174128
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.50 50 0.5705085 0.09181497
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.50 100 0.5838418 0.13685037
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.50 150 0.5906780 0.14793794
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.75 50 0.6109040 0.18346321
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.75 100 0.6009040 0.16482691
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.75 150 0.5775141 0.11554696
## 0.4 2 0.8 1.00 50 0.5937853 0.15005371
## 0.4 2 0.8 1.00 100 0.5906215 0.14600686
## 0.4 2 0.8 1.00 150 0.6141808 0.19614516
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.50 50 0.6008475 0.15637591
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.50 100 0.5941808 0.15291877
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.50 150 0.6009605 0.15990155
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.75 50 0.5975706 0.14462709
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.75 100 0.5976271 0.14885935
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.75 150 0.6011864 0.16250064
## 0.4 3 0.6 1.00 50 0.5907910 0.13708365
## 0.4 3 0.6 1.00 100 0.6177401 0.19331688
## 0.4 3 0.6 1.00 150 0.6142938 0.19121501
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.50 50 0.6038983 0.17137422
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.50 100 0.6040678 0.16824333
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.50 150 0.5905085 0.14706220
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.75 50 0.6172881 0.19294566
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.75 100 0.5873446 0.12980843
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.75 150 0.5839548 0.12753022
## 0.4 3 0.8 1.00 50 0.6038983 0.16770320
## 0.4 3 0.8 1.00 100 0.5870621 0.13716243
## 0.4 3 0.8 1.00 150 0.5839548 0.13026511
##
## Tuning parameter 'gamma' was held constant at a value of 0
## Tuning
## parameter 'min_child_weight' was held constant at a value of 1
## Accuracy was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final values used for the model were nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta
## = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1 and subsample
## = 0.5.nrounds refers to the number of decision trees in the final model.
As Accuracy was used to select the optimal model using the largest value, the final value used for the model was nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1, and subsample = 0.5; Accuracy = 0.6475706 and Kappa = 0.25532683.
xgb Model 2
train_control <- trainControl(method = "cv",
number = 5,
classProbs = TRUE,
summaryFunction=twoClassSummary)
model <- train(readmitted ~., data = dataset4,
method = "xgbTree",
metric="ROC",
trControl = train_control)## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [14:37:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/c_api/c_api.cc:785: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.model## eXtreme Gradient Boosting
##
## 298 samples
## 17 predictor
## 2 classes: 'NO', 'YES'
##
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (5 fold)
## Summary of sample sizes: 238, 238, 238, 239, 239
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
##
## eta max_depth colsample_bytree subsample nrounds ROC Sens
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.50 50 0.6502476 0.4636667
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.50 100 0.6598571 0.5123333
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.50 150 0.6446762 0.5050000
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.75 50 0.6847143 0.4976667
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.75 100 0.6540095 0.4713333
## 0.3 1 0.6 0.75 150 0.6444095 0.4956667
## 0.3 1 0.6 1.00 50 0.6748524 0.4806667
## 0.3 1 0.6 1.00 100 0.6676952 0.4880000
## 0.3 1 0.6 1.00 150 0.6584190 0.4710000
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.50 50 0.6564381 0.4646667
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.50 100 0.6397048 0.4880000
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.50 150 0.6496571 0.4883333
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.75 50 0.6651143 0.4810000
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.75 100 0.6659905 0.4966667
## 0.3 1 0.8 0.75 150 0.6351429 0.4796667
## 0.3 1 0.8 1.00 50 0.6761048 0.4556667
## 0.3 1 0.8 1.00 100 0.6688286 0.4800000
## 0.3 1 0.8 1.00 150 0.6576476 0.4630000
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.50 50 0.6558190 0.5283333
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.50 100 0.6370286 0.5120000
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.50 150 0.6117905 0.4956667
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.75 50 0.6448762 0.5123333
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.75 100 0.6279429 0.5120000
## 0.3 2 0.6 0.75 150 0.6105333 0.4713333
## 0.3 2 0.6 1.00 50 0.6527810 0.4796667
## 0.3 2 0.6 1.00 100 0.6245905 0.4463333
## 0.3 2 0.6 1.00 150 0.6173714 0.4546667
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.50 50 0.6026952 0.4306667
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.50 100 0.6078190 0.4380000
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.50 150 0.6219619 0.4703333
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.75 50 0.6233333 0.4293333
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.75 100 0.6215524 0.4793333
## 0.3 2 0.8 0.75 150 0.6075429 0.4543333
## 0.3 2 0.8 1.00 50 0.6310190 0.4866667
## 0.3 2 0.8 1.00 100 0.6152762 0.4710000
## 0.3 2 0.8 1.00 150 0.6082381 0.4706667
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.50 50 0.6237714 0.4796667
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.50 100 0.6288857 0.5120000
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.50 150 0.6374190 0.5033333
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.75 50 0.6310952 0.4716667
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.75 100 0.6205143 0.4546667
## 0.3 3 0.6 0.75 150 0.6212857 0.4876667
## 0.3 3 0.6 1.00 50 0.6291333 0.4873333
## 0.3 3 0.6 1.00 100 0.6238762 0.4543333
## 0.3 3 0.6 1.00 150 0.6211238 0.4636667
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.50 50 0.6224190 0.3660000
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.50 100 0.6286952 0.4710000
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.50 150 0.6221333 0.4543333
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.75 50 0.6081238 0.4230000
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.75 100 0.6015524 0.4060000
## 0.3 3 0.8 0.75 150 0.5853429 0.4060000
## 0.3 3 0.8 1.00 50 0.6291238 0.4640000
## 0.3 3 0.8 1.00 100 0.6245524 0.4466667
## 0.3 3 0.8 1.00 150 0.6143714 0.4630000
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.50 50 0.6718952 0.5123333
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.50 100 0.6497333 0.5366667
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.50 150 0.6432952 0.5123333
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.75 50 0.6579619 0.4873333
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.75 100 0.6354286 0.5030000
## 0.4 1 0.6 0.75 150 0.6331429 0.4796667
## 0.4 1 0.6 1.00 50 0.6738190 0.4720000
## 0.4 1 0.6 1.00 100 0.6640857 0.4873333
## 0.4 1 0.6 1.00 150 0.6542190 0.4623333
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.50 50 0.6641810 0.4223333
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.50 100 0.6296762 0.4956667
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.50 150 0.6505714 0.5280000
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.75 50 0.6698762 0.4963333
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.75 100 0.6460857 0.4550000
## 0.4 1 0.8 0.75 150 0.6530000 0.4786667
## 0.4 1 0.8 1.00 50 0.6723143 0.4636667
## 0.4 1 0.8 1.00 100 0.6596857 0.4873333
## 0.4 1 0.8 1.00 150 0.6522857 0.4630000
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.50 50 0.6352286 0.4463333
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.50 100 0.6080095 0.4460000
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.50 150 0.6050476 0.4790000
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.75 50 0.6028190 0.4640000
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.75 100 0.5855143 0.4306667
## 0.4 2 0.6 0.75 150 0.5878286 0.4140000
## 0.4 2 0.6 1.00 50 0.6257810 0.4880000
## 0.4 2 0.6 1.00 100 0.6245048 0.4800000
## 0.4 2 0.6 1.00 150 0.6096952 0.4630000
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.50 50 0.6105524 0.5040000
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.50 100 0.5890762 0.4463333
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.50 150 0.5699810 0.4620000
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.75 50 0.6161429 0.4383333
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.75 100 0.5957524 0.4226667
## 0.4 2 0.8 0.75 150 0.5912000 0.4796667
## 0.4 2 0.8 1.00 50 0.6305810 0.5206667
## 0.4 2 0.8 1.00 100 0.6138476 0.4880000
## 0.4 2 0.8 1.00 150 0.6120286 0.4710000
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.50 50 0.6078571 0.4383333
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.50 100 0.6064286 0.4386667
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.50 150 0.6019619 0.4546667
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.75 50 0.6364000 0.4466667
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.75 100 0.6154857 0.4873333
## 0.4 3 0.6 0.75 150 0.6020857 0.4543333
## 0.4 3 0.6 1.00 50 0.6218857 0.4880000
## 0.4 3 0.6 1.00 100 0.6176476 0.4800000
## 0.4 3 0.6 1.00 150 0.6229143 0.4716667
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.50 50 0.6416286 0.4716667
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.50 100 0.6447429 0.4956667
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.50 150 0.6509143 0.5120000
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.75 50 0.5782667 0.4556667
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.75 100 0.5878762 0.4306667
## 0.4 3 0.8 0.75 150 0.5888095 0.4386667
## 0.4 3 0.8 1.00 50 0.6386095 0.4630000
## 0.4 3 0.8 1.00 100 0.6208000 0.4466667
## 0.4 3 0.8 1.00 150 0.6146952 0.4543333
## Spec
## 0.7028571
## 0.6571429
## 0.6571429
## 0.7371429
## 0.7200000
## 0.7028571
## 0.7428571
## 0.7428571
## 0.7314286
## 0.7142857
## 0.7085714
## 0.7142857
## 0.7428571
## 0.7257143
## 0.6971429
## 0.7600000
## 0.7428571
## 0.7314286
## 0.6800000
## 0.6914286
## 0.6800000
## 0.6914286
## 0.6800000
## 0.6685714
## 0.6857143
## 0.6800000
## 0.6685714
## 0.7142857
## 0.6800000
## 0.6571429
## 0.6914286
## 0.6857143
## 0.6857143
## 0.6800000
## 0.6457143
## 0.6571429
## 0.7142857
## 0.6800000
## 0.7085714
## 0.6800000
## 0.7200000
## 0.6857143
## 0.6914286
## 0.6685714
## 0.6914286
## 0.6914286
## 0.7028571
## 0.7028571
## 0.6800000
## 0.6571429
## 0.6285714
## 0.6971429
## 0.6857143
## 0.6857143
## 0.7314286
## 0.6685714
## 0.6628571
## 0.7200000
## 0.6971429
## 0.6857143
## 0.7485714
## 0.7371429
## 0.7257143
## 0.7371429
## 0.6685714
## 0.6857143
## 0.7085714
## 0.6914286
## 0.7200000
## 0.7371429
## 0.7257143
## 0.7085714
## 0.7485714
## 0.6400000
## 0.6400000
## 0.6857143
## 0.6285714
## 0.6285714
## 0.6800000
## 0.6800000
## 0.6571429
## 0.6114286
## 0.6628571
## 0.6342857
## 0.6571429
## 0.6800000
## 0.6571429
## 0.6514286
## 0.6628571
## 0.6571429
## 0.6800000
## 0.6571429
## 0.6685714
## 0.7257143
## 0.6742857
## 0.6628571
## 0.6742857
## 0.6857143
## 0.6914286
## 0.6742857
## 0.7200000
## 0.7085714
## 0.6685714
## 0.6685714
## 0.6685714
## 0.6628571
## 0.6742857
## 0.6914286
##
## Tuning parameter 'gamma' was held constant at a value of 0
## Tuning
## parameter 'min_child_weight' was held constant at a value of 1
## ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final values used for the model were nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta
## = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1 and subsample
## = 0.75.nrounds refers to the number of decision trees in the final model.
In an ROC curve, a higher X-axis value indicates a higher number of False positives than True negatives, while a higher Y-axis values indicated a higher number of True positives than False negatives. This can be used to determine a desirable cut-off value with a high true positive rate and low false positive rate.
As ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value, the final value used for the model was nrounds = 50, max_depth = 1, eta = 0.3, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1, and subsample = 0.75; ROC = 0.6847143.
Random Forest
train_control <- trainControl(method = "cv",
number = 5,
classProbs = TRUE,
summaryFunction=twoClassSummary)
model <- train(readmitted ~., data = dataset4,
method = "rf",
metric="ROC",
trControl = train_control)model## Random Forest
##
## 298 samples
## 17 predictor
## 2 classes: 'NO', 'YES'
##
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (5 fold)
## Summary of sample sizes: 239, 239, 238, 238, 238
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
##
## mtry ROC Sens Spec
## 2 0.6717905 0.3973333 0.7314286
## 9 0.6499381 0.4470000 0.7371429
## 17 0.6394048 0.4540000 0.7257143
##
## ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final value used for the model was mtry = 2.mtry refers to the number of variables randomly sampled as candidates at each split.
In an ROC curve, a higher X-axis value indicates a higher number of False positives than True negatives, while a higher Y-axis values indicated a higher number of True positives than False negatives. This can be used to determine a desirable cut-off value with a high true positive rate and low false positive rate.
As ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value, the final value used for the model was mtry = 2. Here, ROC = 0.6717905.
Model Results & Analysis
I compared the Accuracy and Kappa values of each model, provided by the Confusion Matrices, to determine the effectiveness of the models I have built.
The Logistic Regression model returned the lowest Accuracy and Kappa results (0.6 and 0.1955, respectively). My first XgBoost model returned an Accuracy = 0.6475706 and Kappa = 0.25532683, which shows that it is more effective than the Logistic Regression Model, yet with lower results than other models built. While the Random Forest model with cross validation did not return Accuracy or Kappa values, the ROC of Random Forest (ROC = 0.6717905) is lower than that of my second XgBoost model (ROC = 0.6847143), leading me to believe that the Random Forest Model is not as effective as the second XgBoost model. K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine returned similar Accuracy (K-NN = 0.683, SVM = 0.6833) and Kappa (K-NN & SVM = 0.3133) results. As Decision Tree returned the highest values (Accuracy = 0.7, Kappa = 0.3966), I can assume that this model is the most effective in determining a patient’s readmission status based on the features I have utilized in model building.